The Committee System in Congress - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 554 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/09/25 Category Business Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? The modern committee structure stems from the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946, the first and most ambitious restructuring of the standing committee system since the committee system was first developed. A congressional committee is a legislative sub-organization in the United States Congress that handles a specific duty. Congress divides its legislative, oversight, and internal administrative tasks among approximately 200 committees and subcommittees. Specifically, there are 20 committees, 68 subcommittees, and 4 joint committees. Although the Senate committee system is similar to that of the House of Representatives, it has its own guidelines, within which each committee adopts its own rules. This creates considerable variation among the panels. This report provides a brief overview of the organization and operations of House and Senate committees. Although Congress has used committees since its first meetings in 1789, the 1946 legislative Reorganization Act set th e foundation of today’s committee system. The house and Senate each have their own committees and related rules of procedure, which are similar but not identical. Within the guidelines of chamber rules, each committee adopts its own rules addressing, organizational, structural, and procedural issues; thus, even within a chamber, there is considerable variation among panels. Within their respective areas of responsibility, committee generally operate rather independently of each other ad of their parent chambers. The difficult task of aggregating committees’ activities, and of integrating policy in areas where jurisdiction is shared, falls largely to the chamber’s party leadership. Congress has three types of committee; select, standing, and joint committee. A select committee is established because the existing standing committee system does not address and issue comprehensively, or because a particular even sparks interest in an investigation. A select co mmittee is maybe permanent or temporary. Special committees tend to be similar in constitution and function and that distinction from select committees is generally thought to be only semantic. Standing committees are permanent panels identified in chamber rules. The rules also list the jurisdiction of each committee. Because they have legislative jurisdiction, standing committees consider bills and issues and recommend measures for consideration by the respective chambers. They also have oversight responsibility to monitor agencies, programs, and activities within their jurisdictions, and in some cases in areas that cut across committee jurisdictions. Most standing committees recommend authorized levels of funds for government operations and for new and existing programs within their jurisdiction. Standing committees also have jurisdiction over appropriations (in the case of the Appropriations committees), taxation (in the case of the House Ways and Means and Senate Finance C ommittees), Carious other revenues such as user fees, and direct spending such as Social security, veterans’ pensions, and some farm support programs Select committees usually are establish by a consider measures. Joint committees are made up of Members of both chambers. Today, they usually are permanent panels that conduct studies or perform housekeeping tasks rather that consider measures. A conference committee is a temporary joint committee formed to resolve differences in senate and House passed versions of a particular measure. The roster of each committee is officially approved by a full vote of its house. However those decisions (including who will serve as chair of each committee) are actually made by the party leadership. Considerations in making the assignments include each members areas of expertise, the interests of their constituents, and seniority. Political favors also often come into play in committee assignments. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Committee System in Congress" essay for you Create order

Police Corruption Time to Get Rid of Crooked Cops Essay

â€Å"Police throughout the United States have been caught fabricating, planting, and manipulating evidence to obtain convictions where cases would otherwise be very weak. Some authorities regard police perjury as so rampant that it can be considered a subcultural norm rather than an individual aberration of police officers. Large-scale investigations of police units in almost every major American city have documented massive evidence of tampering, abuse of the arresting power, and discriminatory enforcement of laws. There also appears to be widespread police perjury in the preparation of reports because police know these reports will be used in plea bargaining. Officers often justify false and embellished reports on the grounds that it metes†¦show more content†¦Protection of illegal activity is when a drug dealer or someone running a brothel house will pay the officer off so they can keep there illegal business running and to protect them from other law enforcement. Oppor tunistic theft is yet another typical crooked act many police officers execute everyday. This is when police officers steal from arrestees, victims of crimes, or dead bodies. Furthermore, it is very rare to hear about police corruption. This is because most police departments want to keep known police corruption in-house since these acts are displaying a disservice to the community they are suppose to serve and protect. Additionally, the main aspect of police corruption that makes it difficult to solve and stop is the Blue Code of Silence. The code is an unwritten law or rule that pronounces if a police officer witnesses a fellow police officer preforming a corrupt act he will not report him and keep his mouth shut. Most police departments have an us-against the world mentality, which means if a officer reports another officer he is going against the whole departments. Whistleblowing or reporting misconduct is looked down upon and often times these police officers get suspended and mistreated from their colleagues. The forms of police corruption, relevance, and the Blue Code of Silence are major features that make police corruption into what it is today. A simple solution has been supported andShow MoreRelatedReligious Communities and The Consumption of Alcohol1338 Words   |  6 Pagesthe law and began to brew their own alcoholic beverages at home. This led to homemade alcohol becoming common even though highly illegal. However; small time homemade distilleries were not threatened by the cops as they were by the new form of authority. Organized crime industries began to control entire cities. They ran everything from the cops to the citizens. They monopolized the illegal substance market and flourished when it became illegal and when they were the only source of alcohol. TheseRead MoreEssay on Fall of Asclepius95354 Words   |  382 PagesFall of Asclepius By Harm 1 and Icrick Prologue Where should I begin? The apocalypse happened so fast. In less than a month, monsters infested every part of this world. People panicked, people died. They clawed at each other just to get out of all the infested areas around the world. There was problem about fleeing from infested areas. Everywhere was infested. There was no where anyone could go without encountering the walking plague. You know that phrase War is Hell? Well... its dead

Conceptualization of Contextual Factors For Business Management Contex

Question: Discuss about theConceptualization of Contextual Factors For Business Management Context. Answer: Introduction Over the years, business management process has emerged a major challenge for many organizations thriving in the current continuously changing environmental. As a consequence, much research has been done in this area and with regard to the majority of the researchers; businesses ought to be context-aware for them to fully comprehend the direction of the company in terms of performance. Due to the ever-changing business settings various factors, internal and external, domestic and international affect their performance since they directly influence the management process in the entire organization. A good example of such a company is Hewlett-Packard (HP), one of the leading informational technology multinational companies in the United States headquartered in Palo Alto, California. This corporation specializes mainly in the production of computers, printers, digital cameras, calculators, among other wide variety of hardware as well as software components. Organizational Structure of Hewlett-Packard The organizational structure of Hewlett-Packard is quite diverse and complex owing to its wide customer base and products dealt in. By activity, the organizational structure of Hewlett-Packard composes of various groups headed by exceptionally qualified personnel who control various operations taking place in different administration levels. These functional sets include the imaging and printing group, HP financial services scheme, enterprise and personal systems. These sub-organizations are chaired by executives ranked in a strategic manner to aid in executing chain of command where a manager at a lower level reports to another immediate administrator just above his or her rank in the management structure. Impact of Internal Environmental Forces on Hewlett-Packard Incorporation Just like any other organization operating in the contemporary business world encountering several environmental forces, Hewlett-Packard Company over the years has been impelled to analyze such influencers to ensure splendid management practices guaranteeing the corporation success in all aspects. There exist various significant issues that affect the decision-making processes in this international corporation. Such contextual aspects include past administrative experiences, cognitive partialities, and individual differences such as age and socioeconomic prominence. These factors although within the control of the company affect the decision-making process as well as the decisions made by the responsible personnel in Hewlett-Packard. Donelan, Walker and Salek (2015) in their work argue that previous experiences affect how people make future decisions. For instance, when the previous resolutions yield positive results managers in Hewlett-Packard may tend to decide in a similar manner, provided an identical situation. Besides, various cognitive partialities impact decision-making procedures. These types of preferences include hindsight prejudice, omission predisposition, and belief bias. In the process of decision making, cognitive partialities often influence managers by impelling them to over depend on previous knowledge while at the same time ignoring critical information or trends deemed uncertain. Moreover, various individual differences may impact on the decision-making procedure. Such dissimilarities may include socioeconomic positions, age, and intellectual aptitudes. For example, an old person chairing various departments in Hewlett-Packard may seem overconfident while formulating policies thus inhibiting their capability to employ relevant strategies. (Nooraie, 2008). Domestic and International Contextual Issues and their Effect on Hewlett-Packard Structure and Strategy Performance and strategies pursued by Hewlett-Packard change depending on the contextual factors when launching its products either locally or internationally. In this regard, it is, therefore, imperative for this organization to identify various domestic and international influencers which can contribute to its success or failure. Some of the national and global contextual issues which have the potential of impacting on Hewlett-Packard structure and strategy include competition, social-cultural differences, and political-legal factors among others like technological differences, and adverse economic fluctuations (Shah, 2012). Competition Currently, Hewlett-Packard has been subjected to various levels of competition originating from other businesses providing a similar or a close substitute of the products dealt in. This organization strives to acquire a substantial market share, splendid customer base, and the most outstanding corporate image. However, Hewlett-Packard cannot achieve such missions with ease due to the existence of stiff competitions which compel it to employ different competitive strategies to attain its set goals and objectives. Increased competition forces this company to aim at augmenting its responsiveness to competitive threats and in the process transform its organizational structures. An example of such a phenomenon took place when it reformed its organizational structure to attract and maintain an exceptionally qualified pool of employees who would have otherwise been absorbed by other firms in the informational technology industry (Fox, Trebilcock, 2013). Social-Cultural Differences Besides, social-cultural differences are well known for their impact on the Hewlett-Packard structure and strategies .Every nation in the world has its distinct cultural practices and understandings. Such diverse cultural dissimilarities often pose various risks to this multinational forcing it to take on strategies to manage them. In some circumstances, this corporation in an attempt to maintain its competitive advantage is obliged to alter its organizational structures to accommodate hazards resulting from sociocultural differences in a foreign country (Snir, 2014). Closely related to the major issue of cultural divergences is the challenge of the language barrier. This problem is often encountered by Hewlett-Packard during its dealings with foreigners who may have a deprived literacy skills and as such poor English speakers. Sales people, agencies among other company representatives may therefore face inconveniences communicating with such targeted customers. In such a case then t he firm is always be obliged to execute various strategies meant primarily to meet the needs of those people deemed to be only well conversant with their local language. Political and Legal Requirements Apart from competition and sociocultural factors Hewlett-Packard is also influenced by political and legal requirements. All companies functioning nationally are expected to conform to certain rules and regulations as set by the local central government. Examples of common governmental laws include taxation rates, operation hours among other internal federal expectations (Chang, 2015). Hewlett-Packard is henceforth required to implement various strategies to ensure conformity and act within the rule of the law. As such it may be compelled to modify its business configurations to ascertain conventionality and avoid excommunication by the countrys federal government. Different countries and regions usually have dissimilar political and legal practices critical for the feasibility of the organization. For instance, a governmental body may initiate rules and regulations to control the operations of a particular sector requiring the businesses in that industry to employ some strategies to make sure that they conform to the requirements (DE MEZA, 2009). Contemporary Issues Influencing Hewlett-Packard Organizations flourishing in the current multi-faceted environment are influenced by various factors which when not well controlled can hinder their success significantly. The commonest among those issues include risks, innovations, e-commerce, and knowledge management. Risk Management The engine driving any business like Hewlett-Packard to seek market success is risk taking. Perils are, however, seen only as threats, despite the fact that they can provide valuable opportunities and potentials for organizational feasibility as well as significant competitive advantage resulting in increased profitability both in the short term and in the long run (McLeay Riccaboni, 2001). In other words, perils and opportunities complement each other-they are like the two sides of a coin. However, risks in a firm if not well mitigated can result in losses. In order to manage several risks surrounding the operations in Hewlett-Packard, the responsible personnel have put in place stringent measures to abate their impact and severity. Technologically advanced tools of risks mitigation are employed in this multinational thus reducing their impact and severity the business is exposed to. Innovations Technological innovations in the contemporary business world have emerged as other trends influencing the performance of Hewlett-Packard. Over the years, advancement in technology has turned the world into a village like setting changing how this organization communicate internally and externally with its interested publics. Hewlett-Packard presently is shifting from the application of archaic and outdated methods of production to the use of current scientific approaches. Top and middle executives in this company are consistently making use of the new technology products and devices in their decision-making processes. Knowledge Management and E-commerce Moreover, Hewlett-Packard has had an obligation to handle confidential information and resources belonging to the company with efficiency (Rao, Krishna, 2003). Though not a new requirement, this company has had the responsibility to ensure that information and data deemed critical for the success of the company is keenly handled to curb it from falling into the wrong hands. In conjunction with the above factors is the introduction of electronic commerce. This refers to a broad range of business activities carried out online, and the parties involved transact electronically rather physical interactions. In this new and revolutionary business world where technology has become prevalent, Hewlett-Packard can formulate and implement decisions such as sales or marketing strategies without any physical contact with their customers (Vilcox, Mohan, 2007). The Impact of Regionalization and Globalization on Hewlett-Packard Contexts Regionalization and Globalization are two primary features developing in the contemporary world of operations. Nevertheless, the two phenomena are not completely new since their influence and intensity have in place since time immemorial though in different phases (In Capello, In Dentinho, 2012). The effects of these two features can be witnessed in the economic, sociocultural, and political compasses. Globalization, for instance, has played a critical role in the inter-national system by enabling Hewlett-Packard to transact with ease, propose and implement key business resolutions. Regionalization, on the other hand, has enhanced economic collaboration within regions as well promoting regional integration among the member states thus aiding substantially in the success of Hewlett-Packard Incorporation (Schelhase, 2008). Conclusion Summarily, it is significant for any organization whether national or a multinational to be context-aware and keep abreast with time to fully comprehend major trends in the environment which have prospective of affecting their performances. Companies thriving in the contemporary multi-faceted globalized world are faced with various internal and external forces which might substantially impact on the management as well as organizational structure if not well scrutinized. As depicted in this paper, despite the market position of such corporations like Hewlett-Packard, it is imperative for the managers to collaborate with other stakeholders to maintain and if possible improve on their current status quo, advance in productivity, widen their customer base, broaden their market coverage and develop in several other aspects. References Nooraie, M. (2008). Decision magnitude of impact and strategic decision?making process output. Management Decision, 46(4), pp.640-655. Donelan, R., Walker, S. and Salek, S. (2015). Factors influencing quality decision-making: regulatory and pharmaceutical industry perspectives. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, 24(3), pp.319-328. Shah, F. (2012). A Critical Review of Multinational Companies, Their Structures and Strategies and Their Link with International Human Resource Management. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 3(5), pp.28-37. Snir, G. (2014). International business negotiations: do cultural differences matter? The case of India and Israel: research report. International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management, 8(3), p.361. De Meza, D. (2009). Multinational Corporations In Ldcs: A Comment. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 39(3), pp.237-241. Chang, C. (2015) Who are the winners and losers if GST is increased? Retrieved Decemeber 16, 2016, from https://www.news.com.au/finance/economy/australian-economy/who-are-the-winners-and-losers-if-gst-is-increased/news-story/051f1f26fc4dad0a7a5b5c241a79f7c4 Vilcox, M. W., Mohan, T. O. (2007). Contemporary issues in business ethics. New York: Nova Science Publishers.Top of Form McLeay, S., Riccaboni, A. (2001).Contemporary Issues in Accounting Regulation. Boston, MA: Springer US. In Capello, R., In Dentinho, T. P. (2012).Globalization Trends and Regional Development: Dynamics of FDI and Human Capital Flows. Schelhase, M. (2008). Globalization, regionalization and business: Conflict, convergence and influence. Basingstoke [England: Palgrave Macmillan. Fox, E. M., Trebilcock, M. J. (2013). The design of competition law institutions: Global norms, local choices. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Rao, V. S. P., Krishna, V. H. (2003). Strategic management: Text and cases. New Delhi, India: Excel Books.

Nestle a Brief History of the Marketing Strategies of the First Multinational Company in the Ottoman Empire free essay sample

Nestle: A Brief History of the Marketing Strategies of the First Multinational Company in the Ottoman Empire Abstract It can be argued that private companies accelerated the integration of the late Ottoman Empire with the capitalist world economy. Western companies shaped not only the Ottoman economy but also its social and cultural environments. Modern marketing was one of the most important instruments in this process. This article investigates—via a brief historical survey of the marketing activities of Nestle in the Ottoman Empire between the years 1870 and 1921—the interaction between Western firms and consumers. The article explores how Nestle gained access to the urban Ottoman market and the methods it used for attracting the Ottoman consumer. Nestle’s sales efforts show that it had to adjust its strategies to local realities through a process of learning, adapting, and using the specific characteristics of its host society to be successful. Strategy Nestle describes itself as a food, nutrition, health, and wellness company. We will write a custom essay sample on Nestle: a Brief History of the Marketing Strategies of the First Multinational Company in the Ottoman Empire or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Recently they created Nestle Nutrition, a global business organization designed to strengthen the focus on their core nutrition business. They believe strengthening their leadership in this market is the key element of their corporate strategy. This market is characterized as one in which the consumer’s primary motivation for a purchase is the claims made by the product based on nutritional content. In order to reinforce their competitive advantage in this area, Nestle created Nestle Nutrition as an autonomous global business unit within the organization, and charged it with the operational and profit and loss responsibility for the claim-based business of Infant Nutrition, HealthCare Nutrition, and Performance Nutrition. This unit aims to deliver superior business performance by offering consumers trusted, science based nutrition products and services. The Corporate Wellness Unit was designed to integrate nutritional value-added in their food and beverage businesses. This unit will drive the nutrition, health and wellness organization across all their food and beverage businesses. It encompasses a major communication effort, both internally and externally, and strives to closely align Nestle’s scientific and RD expertise with consumer benefits. This unit is responsible for coordinating horizontal, cross-business projects that address current customer concerns as well as anticipating future consumer trends. International Strategy Nestle is a global organization. Knowing this, it is not surprising that international strategy is at the heart of their competitive focus. Nestle’s competitive strategies are associated mainly with foreign direct investment in dairy and other food businesses. Nestle aims to balance sales between low risk but low growth countries of the developed world and high risk and potentially high growth markets of Africa and Latin America. Nestle recognizes the profitability possibilities in these high-risk countries, but pledges not to take unnecessary risks for the sake of growth. This process of hedging keeps growth steady and shareholders happy. When operating in a developed market, Nestle strives to grow and gain economies of scale through foreign direct investment in big companies. Recently, Nestle licensed the LC1 brand to Muller (a large German dairy producer) in Germany and Austria. In the developing markets, Nestle grows by manipulating ingredients or processing technology for local conditions, and employ the appropriate brand. For example, in many European countries most chilled dairy products contain sometimes two to three times the fat content of American Nestle products and are released under the Sveltesse brand name. Another strategy that has been successful for Nestle involves striking strategic partnerships with other large companies. In the early 1990s, Nestle entered into an alliance with Coca Cola in ready-to-drink teas and coffees in order to benefit from Coca Cola’s worldwide bottling system and expertise in prepared beverages. European and American food markets are seen by Nestle to be flat and fiercely competitive. Therefore, Nestle is setting is sights on new markets and new business for growth. In Asia, Nestle’s strategy has been to acquire local companies in order to form a group of autonomous regional managers who know more about the culture of the local markets than Americans or Europeans. Nestle’s strong cash flow and comfortable debt-equity ratio leave it with ample muscle for takeovers. Recently, Nestle acquired Indofood, Indonesia’s largest noodle producer. Their focus will be primarily on expanding sales in the Indonesian market, and in time will look to export Indonesian food products to other countries. Nestle has employed a wide-area strategy for Asia that involves producing different products in each country to supply the region with a given product from one country. For example, Nestle produces soy milk in Indonesia, coffee creamers in Thailand, soybean flour in Singapore, candy in Malaysia, and cereal in the Philippines, all for regional distribution. Submitted by:- Aniket Saraswat 500009199 BBA oilgas V Sem