Cybernetic Immunology :: Essays Papers

Cybernetic Immunology In the traditions of Western science and politics--the tradition of racist, male-dominant capitalism the tradition of progress the tradition of the appropriation of nature as resource for the productions of finishing the tradition of reproduction of the self from the reflections of the other - the relation between organism and machine has been a border war. The stakes in the border war reserve been the territories of production, reproduction, and imagination. This chapter is an argument for pleasure in the confusion of boundaries and for responsibility in their construction. (Haraway 150) Cartesian circularities of self-identitical participants in a phallocratic order and ripples in a huge urban urinate renamed lake from a fallen body, the machines may have already won. We know it was they who scorched the sky. Oshii Mamorus anime, turned American 1995 Japanimation classic, plays cyborg science fiction with flashing lights, outbursts of violence, and a plot fit for cyborgs to understand in a political world of simulations transferred without effluvia directly by air-port cybernetworking into unannounced awareness in each celluloid shorten character, and on their demihuman coworkers early 90s military computer monitors. The narrative tries to entangle itself so thoroughly in a political moderateness of an omnipresent culture of technicism devoid of scientific explanation on every green, glowing, digitally exported, and unrefined urban street corner that its revealing of the real puppetmaster/super-villain (a whoreson of someone still further up, our heroes presume) begs a sigh about technology coming to master itself without a care in the world for humanist restraint, overmuch like the mostly good natured civilians who, it seems, dont really mind an almost comically violent thug police presence that tears by their markets, melons, and minds chasing charlatans only it can see armed with overpowered bullets i n outdated guns without any of the pleasant trappings of the polite police forces we imagine secure our very superpower to sit in front of a glowing screen with electrically replicated pitches and decibels projected into right-angled chambers of passivity, and reflected in photons and waves to our media outlets - the doors of techno-perception. Calling Ghost a inject about already misses that it is a film to as well. Mistaking cause for consequence, watching animated

Judging Books By Their Covers :: Essays Papers

Judging Books By Their Covers In every bookstore across America, people are faced with the tough question of what book should be bought. There are millions of books resting on shelves everywhere but what makes a reader pick up a novel to acquire and read? Looking at book stews people can get ideas about what type of book is in their hands. Most books gingersnap their audience by the way that they look on the outside. Many different authors and publishers choose famous works of art or use book reviewers comments to grab a specific audience for their book. When children are looking for books, they choose a book because of what is on the cover. Parents can view the cover as appropriate for their child. It is the cover that initially grabs the attention. Even as children grow up and begin reading books with few to no pictures, it is still the cover that says what kind of book it is. When I was in the library, I found a book about the history of book jackets. Although most of the info rmation in the small book was unnecessary, I did learn about of the history behind book jackets. Although the people of today look at book covers to get some idea of the contents of the book, vertebral column in the 18 speed of lights books had jackets so that the pages would not get dusty or dirty. Some books had covers made of leather but usually these were books, like the Bible, that needed protection. The bookseller put the jacket on before it was placed on the shelf. These dust jackets had no title or writing on them until the middle of the eighteen hundreds. It was not until almost nineteen hundred that authors or publishers designed book covers with illustrations or with the title. This is different from today because most authors give their books cover as their trade marks so they can be easily recognized. Usually the artist draws the cover to the authors liking. The artist takes the words and changes them to an image suitable for the book. Catcher In The Rye, is a clas sic example of a book that has its cover as its trademark. The cover of the book is unique with its red background and yellow writing. Both the front and the back of the book are the same with no other writing but the title and the authors name.

Relationships in Tennessee Williams A Streetcar Named Desire :: Streetcar Named Desire

Relationships in A Streetcar Named Desire In many modern day relationships between a man and a woman, there is usually a controlling figure that is dominant over the other. It may be women over man, man over women, or in what the true rendering of a marriage is an cost partnership. In the play A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams Stanley is clearly the more dominant figure over Stella. passim the play there are numerous examples of the power he possesses of her. Williams portrays Stella as a little girl who lives around in Stanleys world. She does what he wants, takes his corrupt yet still loves him. Situations likes these may have occurred in the 1950s and lasted, but in todays time this would only end up in a quick divorce. The first scene of the play (pg. 14) Stanley has just thrown a piece of meat up to Stella as he turns the corner headspring for the bowling ally. He makes no motion to decimal point, run up the stairs and explain to his wife whats going on, simi lar to what would occur in an equal relationship. Instead he continues down the street like a boy with no responsibilities. Stella yells, Where are you going, and then asks if she could come to watch, he agrees but doesnt stop to wait for her. This scene demonstrates how Stella follows Stanley along, and serves him according to what he wishes to do and when he wants to do it. In scene three Stanley is having his poker party (pg. 57). At this point he is very drunk. Blanche distracting Stanley by listening to the radio instigates him to grab it off the table and toss it out the window. Stella in a state of panic tells everyone to go mob which angers Stanley so he chases after her and hits her. This type of behavior is not normal of any human being involved in any relationship. Stanley repeatedly gets what he wants by use of any means possible. In addition the person whoever threatens the existence of his poker game receives a beating, in this case his wife. This scene demonstrates S tanleys viscous animal like traits with such violence. If what happened here was repeated in todays society he would find himself in a dispose cell with a pending divorce. During the last scene of the play (pg.

Radio Frequency Identification :: Technology, Electromagnetic Radio Waves

RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATIONIntroductionRFID is a technology which enables detecting and identifying fair games using electromagnetic radio waves. This is processed through exchange of tuition between a reader and a tag being attached to the object that includes the data associated with the object. This can be used to detect and classify vehicles, animals, patients, cargo goods and airline baggage. 1RFID technology involves two main components, they are transponders which are also known as tags or labels, contain the relevant information about the object and other the interrogators, also known as readers or transceivers, that extract the data from the tags. These tags can be passive or active tags. Passive tags use the zippo from the EM radiation of the reader for its processing, where as active tags receive power from an internal battery for its processing and communication with the reader. An integrated electronic circuit is embed in tags for storage and processing operatio ns and an antenna that transmits and receives the RF signal. 2 Figure components of RFIDSource http//www.docstoc.com/docs/17328767/Draft-SP800-98The tags used in RFID are enabled with read-write operations, with a large storage capacity. data can be modified any number of times. Tag and reader act as two way radio communication in which individually antenna carries the modulation and demodulation of RF signals, with operation frequency ranges from low frequency to UHF. As radio waves are used, RFID does not require line of sight for communication and the operating distance between the reader and tag varies according to the frequency range from few centimetres to few meters. 31 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification2 3 http//www.docstoc.com/docs/17328767/Draft-SP800-98History The start of RFID took place in 1915, by the British with a system called IFF, which means Identification Friend or Foe. In 1940, during Second World War, the first installation of IFF tran sponder was in a German aircraft named FUG. 4Leon Theremin, in 1945 invented a device which retransmits an incident radio wave and audio information. This passive device which was activated from an external source became the forerunner for RFID technology. 5The concept of RFID came into domain in 1973 when Mario Cardullo invented a passive transponder which emits information when activated by an interrogating signal and consisted a 16bit memory unit for storage purposes. 6In 1973, at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, Steven Depp, Alfred Koelle, and Robert Freyman essential the RFID tag system that uses 12bit tags, operating at 915 MHz. 7After many years of research RFID tags came out with active tags that eliminated the use of external power source.

Personal Narrative- Cousins Death :: Personal Narrative Essays

Personal Narrative- Cousins Death It is amazing how many things we take for granted. We make plans for the day, and dont think in two ways about how those plans can be taken away in the blink of an eye. I never thought much about it myself, until I was faced with the shock, and indispensable truth of my cousins death. I dont think anyone really thinks about tragedy until they are actually faced with shocking news. My mom had been going to school in Greeley and staying at my Aunt Margarets house . She had been away for two weeks and wanted to come home for the Fourth of July weekend. My mom had suggested that I go back with her and visit colleges, shop, go to movies and just spend time together. I had been feeling pretty sorry for myself since she had been gone. I had been working alot as a maid and helping my dad run the house, I was getting very irritated with my siblings as I felt that I was the only family member doing my part to help my dad. I was really excited to confound a week with my mom to myself. The whole ride over we were talking about what I wanted to do that week. Making plans and having me time seemed very of import at the time. I woke up Tuesday morning excited for the day I was going to spend with my mom. I was sitting at the kitchen table drinking uncontaminating coffee listening to my mom and aunt tease and joke around about how paranoid my mom was about doing well in her classes, my aunt was grave her that maybe now that I was there, she would relax a little bit and have some fun. Our plan was to go to one of moms classes with her, and then on a tour of UNC and then we were going to go to dinner and a movie. We were interrupted by a phone call from my dad. My mom was still joking and in a silly mood when she started talking to my dad. Suddenly the conversation turned from joking to dead silence and my mom started crying. She tearfully asked, Is she ok? Was she alone? I was thinking my sister went riding and fell off her horse or that something had happened to my grandma.

Personal Narrative- Cousins Death :: Personal Narrative Essays

Personal Narrative- Cousins Death It is amazing how many things we take for granted. We make plans for the day, and dont think twice about how those plans can be interpreted away in the blink of an eye. I never thought much about it myself, until I was faced with the shock, and undeniable truth of my cousins death. I dont think anyone genuinely thinks about tragedy until they are actually faced with shocking news. My mom had been going to school in Greeley and staying at my Aunt Margarets house . She had been away for ii weeks and wanted to come home for the Fourth of July weekend. My mom had suggested that I go back with her and visit colleges, shop, go to movies and just spend time together. I had been tactility pretty sorry for myself since she had been gone. I had been working alot as a maid and helping my dad run the house, I was getting very irritated with my siblings as I felt that I was the only family member doing my part to help my dad. I was really excited to have a wee k with my mom to myself. The alone ride over we were talk about what I wanted to do that week. Making plans and having me time seemed very important at the time. I woke up Tuesday sunup excited for the day I was going to spend with my mom. I was sitting at the kitchen table drinking fresh coffee listening to my mom and aunty tease and joke around about how paranoid my mom was about doing well in her classes, my aunt was telling her that maybe now that I was there, she would loose a little bit and have some fun. Our plan was to go to one of moms classes with her, and then on a tour of UNC and then we were going to go to dinner and a movie. We were interrupted by a phone call from my dad. My mom was still joking and in a silly mood when she started talking to my dad. Suddenly the conversation turned from joking to dead silence and my mom started crying. She tearfully asked, Is she ok? Was she alone? I was thinking my sister went riding and venomous off her horse or that somethin g had happened to my grandma.

Terror and repression were essential elements in establishing

Each communist regime, although In different countries have remarkable similarities In how they were seized ND governed. A lot of propaganda was used during these times. The batch were all forced to believe in things that werent exactly true and if they dogged to rebel and keep going up for their rights, they would either be killed or held in imprisonment for the rest of their lives. I have chosen two countries which I will go into more depth on and they are Hungary and Poland.In my opinion these two countries struggled the most(prenominal) through terror and repression, and were helpless during their communist regimes save both countries against all the odds were hungry and willing enough to t curio up in the end and fight for their freedom. At the end of the second world war, Budapest in Hungary was in war with soviet soldiers, the streets of Budapest were a war ground, and stack took to the streets to enterprise to fight against these soviets.However the soviets were vict orious in their quest and took control of Hungary. Mantas Razors who was loyal to the soviets and the communism regime, had his own political party and had backing from the soviets. Rascals alma was to convince communism was the way to go for Hangars future. In 1947 a free preference took place and sight had the possibility to freely vote who they anted to run Hangars government, still Rakish still managed to come into power, due(p) to terror, repression, intimidation, trial and fraud.Arracks first aim in power was to take place all threats that could of cause Rakish problems, and his first assassination was the head of the Catholic church. Rakish cherished complete power and anyone who spoke erupt against the communists were arrested, put on trial and imprisoned for life. This reign of power continued and by the 1949 elections in Hungary there was no opposition left to stand up against Rakish and his soviet ways, he sylvan was now run by soviet lines. It was a tragedy for the Hungarian people. Rakish like most dictators used propaganda methods to keep control of his people.He embedded the message of how he would lead Hungary into a wonderfully bright targeted everything good that Hungary had and destroyed them with his corrupted mind. Rakish changed the Hungarian school system, everybody was forced to learn off Russian as a language, everyone also were forced to Join the young pioneers, which was the same of a scout group which was organized by the soviet union for the gees of children from ten to el until now years of age. The young pioneers was founded in 1922 and stopped in 1991, the pioneers tended to(p) biblically run summer camps and learnt methods of cooperation.Rakish used a lot of propaganda methods to control his people. Rakish used advertisement to trick the people of Hungary, many ads were shown on Hungarian idiot box promoting the soviets in a positive light in everyday possible they showed happy Hungarian smiling and laughing, an ex ample of an ad that was shown at this time was a commercial showing the soviets in a positive light giving over big well bred axs to the poor peasants of this liberated country for them to make an income and hand the Hungarian people.A nonher example was a commercial about cotton, and in the ad it showed soviet cotton being delivered to Hungary to feed Hangars textile machinery, so the freezing workers of Hungary could cloth themselves in warm material. They also had an ad about the soviets finding new found grain fields which await Hungary, and this would provide Hungary with better quality crops and quick reproduction. These were all great commercials and it really made it analysem that communism was he way forward for Hungary, so many more commercials like these were made.The Hungarian were totally and utterly bombarded by news real and advertisement, on their radios, their TVs and even when they went to the cinema to see a film. Of course these were all fake lies, the oxs t hat were shown in the ad were primitively Hungarian oxs and the Russians did not shake off them to the poor peasants, they actually took them from Hungary and brought them to Russia. Workers were also not given free clothing, it took a average paid worker three months earnings to build up enough income to purchase one decent coat.The new found grain fields, didnt exist anywhere near Hungary the fields belonged to Russia and remained in the pass on of Russian farmers. The happy smiling faces of the people in the videos were Just hiding the sad grim reality of what was actually happening. The Russians also took enormous amounts of food out of Hungary and they imported it into their own country and distributed it to Russian markets all around the country. Hungarian off didnt realize this was happening until months rolled on and Hungarian shops began to have shortages of food, such(prenominal) as potatoes and vegetables which they had ever had a shortage in before.This began to be a serious problem in Hungary as people were left in hungry. spate were at the time now aware of what Rakish was doing but they were simply unable to stand against him due to disquietude of being imprisoned or even sentenced to death he had stuck terror into the eyes and souls of the Hungarian citizens and had All the people could do was remain in silence and were made to deal with the new circumstances. battalion were forced to praise to this corrupted evil man.Rakish gave speeches to the people about communism and his plans for the future of Hungary ND how he has plans to make Hungary a new independent country, the people of Hungary knowing what he was saying wasnt true still were forced to clap and cheer his name and show him praise because if they didnt they knew there would be consequences. Rakish wanted Hungary to go through industrialization. He wanted Hungary to be a country of Iron and Steel these being his very own words. However Rakish wasnt a tolerant man he wanted his country to miraculously change over night which was very ambitious.The process of Industrialization takes time and Rakish did not give time to anything while in charge. Rakish announced he was going to industrialist Hungary in 1950, and this announcement pleased them greatly, they were very grateful as the Hungarian people thought this would provide employment and wealth for Hungary and this would be the answer to their poverty sticker country. Rakish set his targets high, his ambition lacked the raw materials which they very much require. towering production targets were set.Workers were given quotas which must be met, and if the employees did not reach the quota set they were an enemy of the people and if u somehow managed to met the quota, you were praised as a DOD communist. Rakish hailed two workers as he said they has supposedly reached these high production targets that Rakish desired, this was again another lie to put on the pile of Arracks bundle of lies. They had not re ally reached the targets but word soon spread around the industries in off Hungary and employees in the factories became bitter and envious toward these two men.This was a piece of tactical genius by Rakish. He then started to demand more work for such miserable wages. Soon work rate began to increase phenomenally but at a cost.. Workers found it impossible to met the quotas and they mound the only way that they could even come close was to cheat. For example workers hammered nails into washing machines instead of shag them to save time. Although quantity of goods produced, quality of the goods plummeted. Shoes bought which cost a worker a couple of months wages came apart within days.Hungary had it an all time low. scourge and repression was defeating the poor Hungarian. This whole time the communist machine told the citizens of communist victory. People applauded Rakish due to the terror he had embedded into the minds of the Hungarian and the panic they had of him was not worth the risk of imprisonment or death. Rakish had secret undercover police everywhere called the AVOW, they walked around listening in to people conversations, everybody was left insane of them being behind their back.They listened to every whisper nobody could say anything negative about the communist regime without fear of been arrested and exiled to concentration camps on the outskirts of Hungary. The AVOW unbroken files on everybody, and nobody could be sure who the in moulders were they were trained to require and maintain stealth at all times in all their operations. Even the fear alone of knowing Between 1951 and 1952 thousands of people were deported to the mines, state farms or concentration camps by the AVOW. In 5 families had at least a member of their family or close friend taken away from them, it was impossible to escape the terror. If one family member was arrested, the whole family would be taken away by the AVOW and watched. This fear and paranoia drove people to insa nity, which then led to a lot odd suicides and during this time 2000 people were executed. Many hated Rakish and the Soviet Union, instead of indoctrinating their genesis with the ideas of communism, they sold the seed of revolt.Poland was another country in Eastern Europe that suffered great terror and repression from 1945. Although the Nazis were expelled from Poland in 1945, Poland still remained off controlled by the Soviets for another 1 1 years after until 1956. When the Nazis were out of the picture, Poland therefore changed in many manners . In 1946 a referendum was held, they did this instead of holding their promised parliamentary elections and this was test to see if the communist rule was still popular in Poland.However the communists still one the battle of votes due to successful pole rigging, which was so easily done as people feared the communist parties as they were violent and they never show any remorse. Once the communist were in control of Poland their first pl an of action was to eliminate all threats that opposed them. So the communist put a ban on miscounts parties. Any sign of citizens of Poland in anyway shape or form who did oppose the communist regime would be exiled. This terror and repression used by the soviets in Poland was the very same as what was used in Hungary.Polish citizens were afraid to stand up against this regime as they eared for their lives and also their families lives, as one person in a families actions could have a detrimental affect on the rest of the family. However in 1947 the Polish United Workers party the only left allele party formed. They had their first chance at parliament in the 1947 parliamentary elections, this allowed the party to come up against the Communist, they were shot down very quickly though, as they were powerless to the new placed government controls which were very strict.The election was won by the Communists and the candidates of the Communist party won the majority in the parliament. This ended all opposition to the Communist. Many members of the allele party left the country as there was no hope for them. An AK organization, known as Hollows I Neoclassic meaning Freedom and Sovereignty in English was set up, but it was not set up for violence or combat, its main aim was to help some AK soldiers make the transition of being partisan to a noncombatant of Poland.Although this group did not have many resources to face up to the Soviets they did very well and were successful in showing resistance to the Soviets. The Soviets felt they still needed to abolish all of these groups even though the AK organization was disbanded in late 1945, which probably prevented a civil war from taking place. However, many small groups decided to stay united and the Soviets were never going to be happy unless all their allies were disbanded as this would allow them to have complete control over Poland.

Ethics †Morality Essay

Ethical relativism is a view on moralisticity stating that in that location are no univers altogethery accepted moral principles. Morality varies from unrivalled culture to another and no society has the right to impose their view of morality on other societies. Ethical relativism notify be summed up to think that morals are derived from what is culturally pleasant in any given society. ER is made up of two theses. The first is the diversity thesis, which simply says that moral practices are diverse across cultures. Ruth Benedict defends this theory by using homosexuality as an example.She explains how homosexuality was accepted and even encouraged in many cultures throughout history, like ancient Greece, but denounced in others. More evidence for the diversity thesis can be found in inhumation practices. Ancient Greeks honored their dead by burning the bodies. Similarly, Callatians showed respect to their dead by eating the bodies. However, both cultures were extremely offend ed when asked how much money would be required to institute the burial practices of the other. These examples clearly illustrate the vast differences in morality from culture to culture.ERs second thesis is called the dependency thesis. It states that there is no objective type by which to judge morality. Westermark defends this theory by saying that ethics is a learned set of behaviors instilled in every humans at a young age by his or her surroundings. As a young person, we pick up on right and falsely by learning from those around us what is culturally acceptable. The ultimate source of morality, according to Westermark, is sympathy. This gut feeling of right and wrong is the only scale of morality individually person has.Pojman has found many discrepancies in the theory of ethical relativism. Since ER says that no cultures view of morality can be criticized, we ought to be tolerant of all cultures. The problem is that tolerance would then be a universal moral principle, whic h ER says doesnt exist. In fact it would be just as acceptable for a culture to be intolerant since morality is relative. Thus ER is logically inconsistent. This inconsistency makes ER inapplicable to solving conflicts between cultures, since each can be viewed as being morally right in any action by their own definition.Pojman also explains how any social reformers, like Martin Luther king Jr. , would inherently be wrong by going against the societal majority (i. e. those that determine morals). ER also implies that mass opinion is infallible, thus fashioning a brutal dictator such as Hitler morally justified. The challenge of the ring is a hypothetical question posed to Socrates by Glaucon in the fifth century BC. Glaucon introduces a mythical ring that turns its wearer invisible. Glaucon says that every person, even the seemingly most moral, would exercise the ring to his or her advantage even at the impairment of others.His argument is based on the fact that the only reason people have ont live fully unjust lives now is fear of repercussions. downstairs the stipulation that one can never be caught, the fear vanishes one becomes immoral. Socrates responds by asking if injustice really does pay. His point is that by ones own definition of success, one may or may not map the ring. For example if success is defined by a man as being scrupulous, he wouldnt use the ring because ultimately it doesnt lead to happiness for him. In contrast, the man who defines success by wealth would use the ring.Socrates says that to do injustice is to scar ones soul, which is equivalent to the modern word character. Both sides of the ring argument have merit. For the majority of the population I believe Glaucon is right, they would use the ring. However, some define happiness differently, and for them the ring is of no use. Friedmans argument on corporate social responsibility is that it doesnt exist. According to Friedman, a passels only goal is to increase profits infi nitely while staying within the realm of the law.He states that a corporate executive is merely an employee of the shareowners and his or her job is solely to increase return to the shareholders. If an executive were to be socially responsible and donate money to a charity, its an unauthorized distribution of shareholder funds. Thus being socially responsible is simultaneously being morally irresponsible. The burden of social responsibility should be placed on individual consumers. If they dont like the policies and practices of a certain company they have the option to not buy the product or not invest in the company.The ecclesiastic command theory makes a single differentiation between right and wrong. Simply, according to DCT, morally right means commanded by divinity and morally wrong means forbidden by God. This theory is highly criticized and many philosophers would say it has been refuted for thousands of years. The main criticism comes from Socrates and Euthyphro. The que stion is whether what is right is right because God says so (DCT) or does God say its right because he sees that its right (theory of natural law). Option one is quickly dismissed by Euthyphro because it implies quite a piece of arbitrariness.For instance, in the very beginning all actions were morally equal until God starting commanding and prohibiting certain ones. If God loving something makes it right, what reason is there for God wanting us to do right? If God commanded adultery, adultery would be morally right and obligatory. Option two means that there is a standard of morals independent from Gods own will. This contradicts the divine command theorys basic component that commanded by God is right and nix by God is wrong. -Reason, Morality, and Public Policy Classic and Contemporary Readings in Philosophy by G. M. Brown, Ph. D.

Gender is a Construct Essay

Each person is born either potent or female, these atomic number 18 biologic facts. However, no matter how clean cut these biological facts may be, they have social implications. Biologically speaking, there are minimal differences in the ability of male and female persons, none that would indicate a slight able sex. Yet the underlying social assumptions associated to sex, translate to sexual practice roles that clearly define a perceived difference because of sex. Gender is a social expectation, constructed through with(predicate) time, insisted and demanded through generations.It is a perception of roles and abilities created by society to define men and women as separate groups (Lerner, p. 238, Wolfe, p. 27-34). Sandra Lee Bartky (p. 61-86) further explains that people are born male and female and not masculine and feminine. Femininity is a social ideology imposed upon women, an attribute which is achieved through forceful and repeated learning (Lee Bartky, p. 61-8). By be gender as a construct we acknowledge that gender is not an attribute that is biologically defined. Gender does not come innately in a person.Instead, gender is defined and perpetuated by social assumptions and expectations. Gender ideologies determine what is expected of each person dependent on sex, while gender roles determine how each person is to act in fulfilling their expectations and how each person is to relate to each other. Gender is an idea that is socially constructed based on expectations of social roles. The roles the men and women are expected to have in a society, and the perceived ideals of masculine and feminine are formed through social expectations and not biological characteristics.Broadly gender ideologies relate to socially constructed roles that define division of labor, distribution of power, individual rights and responsibilities and differentiation as one relates to society. Works Cited Lee Bartky, Sandra. Foucault, Femininity and the Modernization of Patr iarchal Power. feminism and Foucult Paths of Resistance. Northern University Press, 1988. Lerner, Gerda. The Creation of Patriarchy Women & History. USA Oxford University Press, 1987. Wolfe, Alan. The Gender Question. The New Republic 6 June 27-34.

British Rule in India to the French One in Algeria Essay

Critically Compare the British Rule in India to the French one in Algeria. Throughout the 19th century, the rivalling countries of Britain and France were some(prenominal) looking for to extend into different continents and build a successful empire. There are many reasons for this thirst for expansion, including economic growth and territorial gains. According to Gildea the emergence of non-European countries untold(prenominal) as United States and Japan as great powers fuelled the nationalistic appetite for the extension of borders and influence. The British control in India later coined the British Raj, began in 1858 and although approach under much strain in periods throughout, lasted until 1947 when they were finally given their independence. The French rule in Algeria spanned from 1830 to 1962 following the conclusion of the Algerian state of war and the signing of the Evian agreements. It is blow over when examining both the rules of Great Britain in India and France in Algeria that there were significant differences in the ways the two countries were ran.The French used military might to control the universe of discourse and quell any uprisings one provoker of such revolts was Abd al-Kader. These heavy handed t get alongics seemed to be less successful when compared to how the British reacted to Indian violence. Great Britain intractable to grant concessions when faced by fierce opposition limiting the amount turmoil and essentially making it easier to diplomatically push western ideas upon them. Frances closure of Algeria was not the first time that they had tried to expand their borders and compete on a world stage with the other world powers, infact before looking to Africa France had the countenance largest empire in the world, second only to Great Britain. In 1605 France had secured a territory in what is now Nova Scotia in Canada.Throughout the 17th century they had been exceedingly successful in adding much of the North American c ontinent, also the West Indies. However after a string of conflicts such the Seven Years War (1756-1763) and the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815) the other world powers had been successful in annexing these territories from France. The end of what has been labelled the First French Empire was now coming to an end. In 1830 during a clashing mingled with the French ambassador and the Algerian Dey regarding loans and trade the Dey struck the French ambassador with a fly whip. This act is said to be the final motivate cause which lead to the French occupation. However it is a wider known fact that there was a distinct lack of political support for the new monarchy and this act of war would help stir up national pride and increase confidence.Whilst appearing on the front of it a petty reason for declaring war on a country and occupying it for 132 years, there are other motives behind the bold political decision to initiate a Second French Empire. Algeria was seen to be of high strategic si gnificance as it offered a springboard into the rest of Africa, including such nations as Tunisia, Libya and Niger. Gildea agrees with this argument noting Algeria, which it France occupied in 1830, was the cornerstone of her Mediterranean and African ambitions. Therefore, by occupying Algeria and furthermore Congo and Niger in 1880 they had secured themselves once more as a successful Empire capable of competing in the world stage.In 1869 the Suez line was officially opened for traffic, this narrow strip of water dissecting what is now Saudi Arabia on one side and Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia and Somalia, offered a significantly faster shipping path into the East. It also eradicated the need for trading ships to visit the perilous coastline of Cape Horn in South Africa where piracy was rife. This vital water passage was also utilized by the British in order to transport good to India. The East India Trading Company was founded in 1600 with the purpose of travelling to Asia in hunt cl ub of antecedently unsourced trading links. They operated under the authority of the British crown and even controlled a military force. They were responsible for directly seek to impose Western beliefs and cultures on India much too soon in the occupation and too forcefully.This lead to a largely hostile reception and in 1857 there was a large descale rebellion. The British had been religiously insensitive towards both the Hindu and Muslim populations. The British had issued new gunpowder cartridges which were believed to be greased using cow or strapper fat. This practice would have been unacceptable by both the Hindu and Muslim sepoys, merely it wasnt just the Bengal Army who wished to be rid of the British the Indian aristocracy had lost vast amounts of power and influence. Officials such as Sir Thomas Munro could see little use in a parasitic grunge owning class commenting on how preferential methods of governance would be village communities as it fitted better with the e uropeanized and more efficient type of administration that had been built up during the nineteenth century The British leant many lessons from the 1857 Rebellion, and as subsequently the British Raj was created. This is a far more sympathetic approach to ruling over India.No all-night did the British Government and the East India Trading Company underestimate the need to be culturally aware. This issue of religion and culture provides a distinction among the British methods in the India and the French methods in Algeria. In comparison the French continually used military force to repress uprisings. Abd al-Kader, as previously mentioned was an instigator of such uprisings, however after the French Army swelled in size it became possible for them to employ scorched-earth tactics, ferociously supressing the local population, consequently al-Kader was forced to drop in 1847 . In the late 19th Century France began emigrating large numbers of Europeans into Algeria, By 1881 there were 300,000 Europeans (Half of them French) in an area of 2.5 million Arabs.Another example of France trying to reduce Islamic culture comes from after the Second World War.Charles de Gaulle the leader of the French provisional government offered to grant French citizenship to certain Algerian Muslims, however in doing so they would essential renounce their faith and religion. In India Britain used a divide and rule policy in order to retain peace. Akhtar Sandhu suggests the British adopted the policy to maintain harmony and peace. They valued unity and tranquillity in the British India. These are the act of a conqueror who decides to stay and rule. It is clear that the British way of integrating Western culture within Indian society was more successful than the equivalent process involving the French in Algeria. This can be seen from the fact that within the upper classes of Indian society a new elite was being born.These people had respected professions, such as lawyers, doctors, teac hers, journalists and businessmen, they had established a Western life-style using the English language and English schools Outside the upper class Great Britain had introduced Western technology to help improve the livelihood of the population. The introduction of railways and the improvement of irrigation methods had improved both industrial and agricultural efficiency. In Algeria the French also brought about Western refining to some extent, creating schools and building cities as well as constructing hospitals, however they spent 162 years with almost constant violence.Their eagerness to us military force to solution issues lead to resentment from many Algerian nationals. In Conclusion, there were a number of similarities when looking at the resistance of the colonial occupation in both Algeria and India, however what differed is the reactions of the occupying countrys and how they learnt from their mistakes. The British at first tried to force Western ideals against the Hind u and Muslim Indians. However they quickly learnt that countering their revolts with over warring military action was counter-intuitive to their cause.Instead they began to offer concessions in order to appease the nationals. The policy of divide and rule ensured there would be minimal friction between the multiplicities of religious beliefs. In contrast the French confronted violent upheaval with similarly vicious tactics such as the policy of scorched-earth instead of pacifying the African ideals. However, both the French and British Empires did to differing extents manage to integrate Western technologies such as railways and modern irrigation methods. In addition both occupations were valuable building blocks in which to expand their empires France into Africa and Great Britain into Asia.Bibliography-Carter., M, From the East India Company to the Suez Canal, (Duke, 2004), pp. 667-668 -French Colonial Empires, http//www.thelatinlibrary.com/imperialism/notes/frenchempire.html, (A ccessed 10th January 2012) -Gildea., R, Barricades and Borders Europe 1800 1914, Third Edition (Oxford, 2003) pp. 337 -Gildea., R, Barricade and Borders Europe 1800-1914, Third Edition, (Oxford, 2003), pp. 338 -Jones., J, Algerian Independence, http//courses.wcupa.edu/jones/his312/lectures/algeria.htm, (accessed 8th January 2012) -Pritchard., J.S, In search of Empire the French in the Americas, 1670-1730, (Cambridge, 2004) Sandhu., A.H Reality of Divide and Rule in British India, Pakistan Journal of History and Culture, Vol.XXX, No.1, 2009 -Thompson, E and Garratt., E.T, History of British rule in India, Volume 2, (Cambridge,1999), pp. 426 -Tanford., L.S, Countries and their Culture Algeria, http//www.everyculture.com/A-Bo/Algeria.htmlb, (accessed 14th January 2012)

Gatorade †Marketing Project Essay

The Gatorade Company makes the worlds leading turns pledge. In part, this is due to its ubiquitous marketing strategies that stand be seen al well-nigh everywhere. Gatorade is the official sports suck up of the NBA, WNBA, MLB, NHL and MLS. It is besides the official sports drink of the NFL and has become part of a famous tradition, the Gatorade Dunk where the bring forwardning athletes of the Super drum roll empty the Gatorade cooler over the coach.Gatorade has as well as been advertised by some of the gr run downest athletes in history from Serena Williams, to Peyton Manning, to Olympic gold medalist Usain Bolt, to probably the most famous endorser in NBA great Michael Jordan. Gatorade makes several point of intersections including the G series which consists of pre-game, thirst quencher and post-game beverages. There is also the G serial Pro which consists chief(prenominal)ly of sports regimen products. Then there is G Natural which contains much than natural ingredi ents. The Gatorade Company also makes Propel Fitness Water.The Gatorade Company was not always such a large company nor was it created by an existing beverage corporation. It was created as a necessity by the group in which its named aft(prenominal) The University of Florida Gators. Gatorade was created in 1965 by a team of five scientists led by Dr. Robert Cade. The beverage was created to improve the athletic performance of the universitys football team. When more(prenominal) than a dozen of the players had move sick due to dehydration from the intense heat and training, the scientists researched dehydration and what the body loses during immense activity.They found out that sugars, salts and minerals were required to hydrate the human body after immense physical activity water alone was not enough. They created an electrolyte-carbohydrate drink and supplied it to the athletes. The results were phenomenal. The Gators were able to outperform their rivals, especially in the latt er half of the game where enervation seemed to cripple their opponents. The Gators went on to win their first Champion ship and soon after Gatorade was adopted by other sports teams.Supplying the beverage became more and more difficult for the scientists as demand increased, and after failed attempts to commercialize it, Stokely-Van Camp acquired U. S. properlys to the drink and Gatorade Inc. was incorporated in Florida in 1967. After much success, the coach of the Florida Gators suggested the winning saying to the coach of the Kansas City Chiefs. The Chiefs were impressed and used throughout the entire season culminating with a Super Bowl victory. Much of the growth of the Gatorade Company occurred when it was acquired by supporter Oats, which bought Stokely-Van Camp for $220 million in 1983.It was under Quaker Oats that Michael Jordan, who was arguably the most famous and fast rising athlete at the time, became the celebrity spokesperson for the company. gross gross sales sky rocketed and Gatorade was once again the leader as the sports drink market grew to $1 one million million by 1994. Also during its have gotership by Quaker Oats, the product went global. It was and continues to be sold in numerous countries and several continents successfully. It also expanded its product line to include more flavor varieties. Towards the end of the 1990s the sports drink market grew to $2 billion.With its consistent success, Gatorade continued to launch new products including Propel Fitness Water. In 2000, PepsiCo, a multinational corporation commission on beverages and snacks, acquired Quaker Oats for $13 billion. It bought over Quaker Oats primarily for the Gatorade imperfection, which is still one of the corporations largest and most successful divisions. Gatorade continued to grow because it renewed its contract with Michael Jordan, campaigned its Is it n you? ad, and also signed a host of new celebrity athletes.Today, Gatorade has over a dozen plants wher e it manufactures the products it sells and is still the leader in todays $3 billion dollar sports drink market. Target Market Description The original chump market for Gatorade was sports teams. In fact, it was originally only sold to sports teams. It spread from the Gators football team to other Gators teams such as basketball. It then spread to other college sports teams until finally it reached professional teams in the NFL. It spread team to team until it became the official sports drink of the NFL in 1983 and was used by over 70 divisions and college teams.Sales trends increased with the same rapid pace. In the early 1980s Gatorade led the $200 million sports drink market. Net sales were recorded at $90 million in 1982 and grew exponentially in the following years. By the mid 1980s net sales were recorded at $170 million. During the latter half of the 1980s Gatorade marketed its famous Gatorade is Thirst Aid for that deep win body thirst, this along with televised adds, stra tegic placing of the product on sidelines during big games and a growing sports drink market raised net sales to nearly $900 million by the end of the decade.The demographics of the Gatorade G Series target market * Traditionally active males, aged 18 to 25. They can be students, just starting their careers, or well established. * They grew up idolizing many contrasting sports athletes and teams, which still have an influence. * They make a very wide variety of incomes because Gatorade is inexpensive. It could be anywhere from $10,000 to $60,000. * Education could vary also, most have at least(prenominal) high school level education and some have college or above experiences. * These types of consumers may also be interested in other sport-related enclothe and accessories.They may be interested in terms such as jerseys, hats, shoes or anything that will show off their allegiance to a team, sport or player. * The G Series core target is the 13- to 17-year-old high-school athlete, while G Series Pros target is the 16- to 24-year-old who is in the business of being athletic, whether as an elite athlete or personal trainer. A more detailed look at the MRI report gives a great glimpse into the target market for the sports drink exertion. As highlighted in the index, 18-24 year olds are the core target market.With an index of 174, that means 74% of that age range are more worryly to drink sports drinks. Moving further up the age range, 18-49 year adults provide a tremendous opportunity for this market. As highlighted by their percent down (which indicates the percent of those persons out of everyone that consumes a variable), 78. 2% of the total population that drank sports drinks were of that age group. Capturing the teen consumer has been identified as a priority for the brand, with the CMO of Gatorade, Ms. Robb-OHagan, conceding that teens thought the brand was dated.Last years shift to G was meant to grab their attention. With that accomplished, she said, t he brand has been geting with teens to test and promote the new products. Through May, a mobile locker room is making its way to high schools, showcasing the G Series products. What were focusing on this year, from a marketing standpoint, is making sure that the high-school athlete understands the G Series, understands the three-part series, Mrs. Robb-OHagan said. If we land that strongly with the teen consumers, we have a lot of opportunity.A Reporter Report is complete with explanations of key numbers. Please note that all the numbers are based on the 2009 Fall MRI study, and that the projected numbers (000) are expressed in thousands. (Appendix A). Market Trends and Macro Forces According to the Beverage merchandising Corporation, the sports drink attention has actually shrunk in sales by 12. 3% from 2009. Considering that Gatorade holds over a 70% market share of the entire sports drink market, they sawing machine losses in gallons produced by 15. 5% in that same year.In a more local look at the market, from 1986 to 2009, the geometric growth of the perseverance in America has been 11. 62%. However, considering the great growth for the first 19 years of its existence from 1986 to 2005 of 14. 3%, this number might be misleading. A more accurate picture can be painted by using the last 5 years, letting the state of the economy be fully reflected in growth. In this new scenario, the growth is at -. 27%. Gatorade markets not only to the athlete, but to the casual drinker as well construction workers, restaurants, and families for dinnertime.Sales records for the sports drink brands for the year 2009 and 2010 are available in the Appendix B. Market Trends Changing Needs Gatorade being a sports drink primarily focuses on the needs of the athletes. The researchers take that the athletes are looking for pre and post workout drinks. The average consumer is already consuming during the before-and-after occasion, said Sarah Robb-OHagan, chief marketing officer at Gatorade. Different consumers have contrasting alimental needs on game day vs. training days.What weve seen as weve developed these products is different consumers mixing and matching their own regime to meet their needs. In addition, in order to build long term brand loyalty Gatorade is focusing on target high school students between the ages of 13-17 years. What were focusing on this year, from a marketing standpoint, is making sure that the high-school athlete understands the G Series, understands the three-part series, she said. If we land that strongly with the teen consumers, we have a lot of opportunity.What are also sparking the changing needs in this market trend are consumers increasingly focusing on their health. They are conscious about the effects of beverages on their own bodies. According to Mintel, a consumer packaged goods monitoring service, some of the product areas with the highest growth were in the sports and meal replacement categories, which place a gr eater emphasis on nutrition. More beverage companies are focusing their attention on adding new nutritional benefits to their new products, promoting a products ability to enhance sports performance.As the consumers are growing increasingly conscious about the contents of the sports drinks and the needs of the athletes are changing, so is the change in formulations of sports drinks. It is getting even more complicated. Sports nutrition companies are looking at low glycemic sugars as functional sugar systems to enhance endurance in certain products. These include newer functional sweeteners, such as isomaltulose and trehalose. Gatorade has risen to this challenge of balancing innovation with market needs.Beverage World selected Gatorade as the Winner for Brand Reinvention when it released the G-Series which includes the three products Prime, Perform and Recover for before, during and after work out respectively. Macro Forces There are many macro forces that affect the sports drink in dustry. Among the most toxic is the current state of the economy. As we have discussed earlier, the unworthy spending power of consumers has shifted demand to less expensive alternatives, such as water or vitamin infused drinks. As the recession begins to lag into the next year, the sports drink industry can expect sales volume to remain at current levels.Given that the U6 rate (the most comprehensive form of unemployment that combines both unemployed and underemployed) is at 17%, discretionary income will continue to be a hindrance on this industry. While our competitor analysis is fully developed in the approach shot sections, it should be pointed out now that competition plays a significant role in this industrys macro forces. Currently, there are two main competitors, Gatorade and Powerade, or Pepsi and Coke, respectively. Unfortunately there is no room for consolidation in this domestic saturated market, so the competitive battles that spur between the two eat away at costs a nd sales.A recent example comes from a lawsuit between these two companies. An article in the Beverage Industry relating to the industry issues reported a clash between Coca-Colas Powerade and Pepsi-Colas Gatorade on a lawsuit over brand advertising. At issue was a Powerade natural selection ad that featured a drag race between horse-drawn carts, one of which was carrying 10 bales of hay and the other 50. The message was that 10-calorie Option allowed the 10-bale horse to win the race over the 50-calorie competitor.The lawsuit argued the ad sent the message that Powerade was more effective as a sports drink, as well as containing fewer calories. The depend was resolved in a matter of days, with Coca-Cola agreeing to modify the ad. Such trivial pursuits between the two are costly to the industry and companies themselves. In addition to the strike competitors, sports drinks are facing increased competition from bottled water like Vitamin Water and coconut water and nutritional drin ks like skimmed milk and chocolate milk for hydration and nutrition.Coconut water, skimmed milk and chocolate milk are easy to produce and provide natural health benefits compared to the artificial electrolytes in popular sports drinks like Gatorade. While health concerns have had positive effects on the industry, there are also some negatives as well. A new study make by researchers at The University of Iowa suggests that the sports drink Gatorade erodes teeth faster than a carbonated soft drink. I dont think everybody realizes how erosive these things are, especially Gatorade and flushed Bull, Leslie A.Ehlen, a student at the University of Iowa School of Dentistry tells WebMD. People need to be aware that all sorts of beverages can be causing dental erosion. Of course, this leads right back to another macro force in regulator procedures. Although in know will health issues like this loom over the industrys ability to sell their products, the F. D. A (food and drug administrati on) can certainly dampen sales volumes if need be. The F. D. A has recently banned production of Four Loko as it the combination of caffeine and alcohol mix is extremely dangerous.

Ethical Disaster of the Hyatt Regency Collapse

Eric Sandler Ethical Disaster of the Hyatt Regency Collapse Construction on the 40-story Hyat Regency Crown Center began in 1978, and the hotel opened on July 1, 1980, after face delays including an incident on October 14, 1979, when 2,700 square feet of the atrium roof collapsed because one of the roof connections on the north end of the atrium failed. The collapse was the second major structural trouble in Kansas city in a little more than dickens years. On June 4, 1979, the roof of the then-empty Kempar Arena in Kansas City had collapsed without loss of life.The architects and get uping firms at the two collapses were different. One of the defining features of the hotel was its lobby, which featured a multistory atrium crossed by suspended concrete paseos on the second, third and quaternate levels, with the fourth level walkway directly above the second level walkway. On July 17, 1981, approximately 2,000 people had gathered in the atrium to participate in and watch a dance contest. dozens stood on the walkways. At 705 PM, the walkways on the second, third and fourth blast were packed with visitors as they watched over the active lobby, which was also full of people.The fourth shock bridge was suspended directly over the second spirit level bridge, with the third floor walkway note off to the side several meters away from the early(a) two. Construction difficulties led to a flawed cast change that doubled the load on the connection between the fourth floor walkway pay beams and the tie rods carrying the weight of both walkways. This new design could barely handle the dead load weight of the structure itself, much less the weight of the spectators standing(a) on it.The connection failed and both walkways crashed one on top of the other and then into the lobby below, killing 114 people and injuring more than 200 others. The rescue outgrowth lasted well into the next morning and was carried out by an army of emergency personnel, including 34 fir e trucks, and paramedics and doctors from five area hospitals. Dr. Joseph Waeckerle directed the rescue effort picture up a makeshift morgue in the ruined lobby and turning the hotels taxi ring into a triage center, helping to organize the wounded by highest need for medical care.Those who could walk were instructed to leave the hotel to simplify the rescue effort, the fatally injured were told they were going to die and given morphine. Workmen from a local construction accompany were also hired by the city fire department, bringing with them cranes, bulldozers, jackhammers and concrete-cutting power saws. The biggest challenge to the rescue operation came when falling debris severed the hotels water pipes, fill the lobby and putting trapped survivors at great risk of drowning. As the pipes were connected to water tanks, as opposed to a public source, the flow could non be shut off.Eventually, Kansas Citys fire chief realized that the hotels front doors were trapping the water i n the lobby. On his orders, a bulldozer was sent in to teardrop out the doors, which allowed the water to pour out of the lobby and thus eliminated the danger to survivors. In all twelve lives were rescued from the rubble. The two walkways were suspended from a tempered of steel tie rods, with the second floor walkway hanging directly underneath the fourth floor walkway. The walkway platform was supported on 3 cross-beams suspended by steel rods retained by nuts. The cross-beams were box beams made from C-channels welded toe-to-toe.The original design by Jack D. Gillum and Associates called for three pairs of rods running from the second floor all the way to the ceiling. Investigators eventually determined that the new design supported only 60 percent of the minimum load required by Kansas City building codes. Havens Steel Company, the contractor responsible for manufacturing the rods, objected to the original plan of Jack D. Gillum and Associates, since it required the whole of t he rod below the fourth floor to be locomote in order to screw on the nuts to hold the fourth floor walkway in place.These threads would probably have been damaged beyond use as the structure for the fourth floor was hoisted into position. Havens therefore proposed an alternate plan in which two separate sets of tie rods would be used. One connecting the fourth floor walkway to the ceiling, and the other connecting the second floor walkway to the fourth floor walkway. This design change would prove fatal. In the original design, the beams of the fourth floor walkway had to support only the weight of the fourth floor walkway itself, with the weight of the second floor walkway supported completely by the rods.In the rewrite design, however, the fourth floor beams were required to support both the fourth floor walkway and the second floor walkway hanging from it. With the load on the fourth-floor beams doubled, Havens proposed design could bear only 30 percent of the mandated minimum load (60 percent in the original design). The serious flaws of the revised design were further compounded by the fact that both designs placed the bolts directly in a welded joint between two facing C-channels, the weakest structural point in the box beams.Photographs of the wreckage luff excessive deformations of the cross-section. In the failure the box beams split at the weld and the nut supporting them slipped through. Since the construction serve up includes the work and ideas of many different people, the process can become unclear, especially when meeting deadlines and budget requirements. Such a fast-paced environment stems from the concept that time is money. This concept constantly drives the construction intentness to seek quicker methods to transfer ideas from paper to structures of concrete and steel.It has become common practice in the construction industry to begin the actual construction of a building prior to the design work being completed. The Hyatt Regency H otel was built on this fast-track type of schedule. The main reason for the walkway collapse was not a failure of materials. It was a communication failure. In the case of the Hyatt Regency Hotel, the structural engineer sent a sketch of the proposed walkway connections to the steel fibber. The structural engineer had assumed that the fabricator understood that he was to design the connections himself.Since the structural drawings did not state that the walkway connections were only a preliminary sketch, the steel fabricator assumed that the sketch was a netized drawing. The fabricator simply copied the engineers preliminary sketch of the walkway connection to serve as the shop drawings. The development of the design was then completed. The materials selected for the guile were standard strength, size, and grade of material, rather than what should have been used to compensate for the added stress of the altered design. Such neglections can have grave takingss.The most glaring shift in this entire chain of events was that the structural engineer did not review the final design. This is an example of deontological ethics because the engineer failed to perform his job to his full potential. As can be seen from the evidence, the real failure that caused the collapse of the Hyatt Regency walkways was actually a failure of communication in the design phase of the project. As a result of the disaster, the two engineers from G. C. E. International lost their pro engineering licenses in the state of Missouri.These engineers were Jack D. Gillum, the engineer of record, and Daniel M. Duncan, the project engineer. The engineer is ultimately responsible for checking the safety of final designs as depicted in shop drawings. When we take the implicit social contract between engineers and society, the issue of public risk and informed consent, and codes of ethics of master copy societies into account, it seems clear that the engineer must assume this responsibility wh en any change in design involving public safety carries a licensed engineers seal.Yet, if it is assumed that the engineer in the Hyatt case received the fabricators telephone call requesting a verbal approval of the design change for simplifying assembly, some possible reasons that would make him approve such(prenominal) change are saving money and time, following his immediate supervisors orders, looking good professionally by simplifying the design, misunderstanding the consequences of his actions, or any combination of the reasons. These reasons do not, however, fall within acceptable standards of engineering professional conduct.Instead, they pave the way for legitimate charges of negligence, incompetence, misconduct and unprofessional conduct in the practice of engineering. When the engineers actions are compared to professional responsibilities cited in the engineering codes of ethics, an abrogation of professional responsibilities by the engineer in charge is clearly demonstr ated. The Missouri Board of Architects, Professional Engineers, and Land Surveyors convicted the engineers employed by Jack D.Gillum and Associates who had signed off on the final drawings of gross negligence, misconduct and unprofessional conduct in the practice of engineering. They all lost their engineering licenses in the states of Missouri and Texas and their membership to ASCE. While Jack D. Gillum and Associates itself was cleared of criminal negligence, it was stripped of its license to be an engineering firm. At least $140 million was awarded to victims and their families in both judgments and settlements in civil lawsuits.A large amount of this money came from Crown Center Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Hallmark Cards which was the proprietor of the actual hotel franchise. Life and health insurance companies probably absorbed even larger uncompensated losses in policy payouts. A lot was learned from this disaster. As a result of the fatal miscommunication, the American Society of Civil Engineers has now set the precedent that responsibility lies with the engineers seal.That is, that whoever places their seal of approval upon a set of plans carries the responsibility for the building and the outcome. It is now also required that all load bearing calculations must be checked by a city official engineer and that checks be formal. As an industry, it is important for all responsible parties such as the architects, engineers, fabricators, and whoever else is involved, to understand the challenge learned as a result of this fatality. practice presents the industry with a challenge to anticipate any failed detail and to correct it within the design process.

The Challenges between a Muslim and non-Muslim after 9/11

There is tremendous tumult of voices after the brand-news was aired. The media was centered on the busiest city of the man New York. Even today many have not failed to raise a pen, even poets, artists, students and professionals, the unlearned and learned all be in awe. The sad destiny of those who perished at the priming coat Zero piece of tail not be erased in memory and much more to those who were left behind. These are the Moslems and non-Muslims who still survived but are now living in the ashes of indifference, of terror and pain. Many are written about the issue but the three articles of Aidi, Marty and Asani is magna cum laude to be discerned.The first article challenges plurality and the other speaks about fundamentalism and the last one equates Pan-Africanism to Islam. All of which are beliefs not only in terms of trust but a very specific copeledge by which man go through emotional state which transcends his earthly existence. More than seven years ago, The Gro und Zero boasted for its twin towers, each earthly dominion rested on their laurels, there could be havoc around on some parts of the domain of a function but a non-Muslim and a Muslim could occupy the same space without qualms or pretence.After the 9/11 when thousands of American citizens were slain, killings had also begun to the so called perpetuators akin. Vehemently, even if hell on earth is personal the debt would be somehow carried on to the next generations. Man by destiny always inherits the sin of his first parents, as any good industrial plant are wagged which serves as inspirations for the younger ones? The challenges that Muslim and non-Muslim faces today is on how each one of them foster universality among their many diverse beliefs and how to remove the fears that those beliefs brought about which was blurred by the strand of hatred and ignorance.Today, co-existence between a Muslim and non-Muslim presupposed a barrier an unequal yoke so may say. The catastrophe l eft a mark of indifference that is antagonistic to both and it is no longer the hues we talked about but the creed of one nation between another. Succinctly, Muslims are even called the new niggers of todays world of discrimination (Aidi, 2002). Moreover, it is not easy to justify pain because in the last analysis it is an evil that must be eradicated by all costs.It is only divine wisdom that can only justify pain and somehow alien to an under put forwarding of a regular man. To the Muslims, a life well lived will serve as an example that his belief is not erroneous and he in his own belief wishes to co-exist with others. His belief in the volume in the days that will come will be a challenge of its authenticity that the noblest among you is the most god-fearing of you. (Quran 4913). Essentially when we say god-fearing man is the respecter of uprightness.Muslims, young and old is challenge by the world to live by its trustingness, and if god-fearing why the erroneous doctrine o f that lone killer buffer zone blown in a blaze those two Manhattan skyscrapers? When in Quran 111 God is a respecter of freedom. God created man differently so that they may know and understand each other (Asani, 2003). The Muslims who have submitted to the truth has a great relevance to show the world the real essence and truth of their beliefs. They are the ones who should stand up and defend their faith on those who uses religiousism for personal gains and politics.Non-Muslims on the other hand, must seek the truth in defiance of prejudices and other extremes, with his Muslim brothers he must defend peace and pluralism that the country had earnestly guarded throughout the centuries. The Americas should test where hes ground stand, if it is solid and firm and if its faith still rest in God. Non-Muslims, Christians and non-Christians and even due to ignorance are disbeliever of God, in the virtue of wanting to exist he must also be respectable to the life of others behaving in a fashion that still welcoming even in the face of odds.Martin Marty elaborated in his work the Future of earthly concern Fundamentalisms that we must make eschatological verifications or reaffirm if a movement does not lead to a polity that runs on compromises or any revivalism or reactivation of a militant Islamic tradition (Marty, 1998). Reactive agents according to Marty are inconspicuous, adaptive and improvisatory but are directly assertive. It is good to know what is under those rubrics of belief, whether that so called useful knowledge does not disdain its members of uncongenial acts worthy of suspicion.It is always good to know the wolf inside the sheep skin because a terrorized world can not afford to make the same mistakes again. Muslims and non-Muslim have one in common and that is to decipher the truth not only in terms of their religiosity and beliefs but on how each and every one lives a life of normal existence. The greatest challenge for the Muslim and non-Muslims in the post 9/11 is to unite in bringing this world to peace so the lives lost in the catastrophes are not wasted. Both must survive the struggle to be whole again in the fight of terrorism.Each one in whatever state in life must still nurture the gift of exertion and kindness despite of confusion that is going on in this world. Mans religion may have existed since civilization began and the only real truth about it was that the difference between a preternatural and human beliefs. Human beliefs tend to materialism and are bounded by space and corners while supernatural beliefs, leads to freedom and love. In fact, love is the only thing that stands still when all else has fallen.And only a true religion bears this sign. Charity removes obstacles, it builds bridges and any learnedness that is void of this elementary truth is a deceit. This is a great challenge not only to Muslims or non-Muslims to non-believers or future converts but to the whole world at large. Love makes a great d ifference to what is it that differentiates a human from a beast form and a goodish from a noble being. For a Muslim and a non-Muslim, there is no reason to fear because in their hearts the truth is already been written.

History of Theater: 1890 – 1920

Lifes but a walking shadow, a poor player, that struts and frets his hour upon the stage and then is heard no more it is a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing. William Shakespeare The theatre has been a part of entertainment since ancient Greece, around 4th blow BC or there or sos. The theatre grew come forward of festivals in honor of the god Dionysus. Aeschylus created the first play in her honor. The first Greek plays were al iodin tragedies but eventually comedy made its way and these plays were performed at festivals all over Greece.Through the centuries theater played the main role of entertainment from noble and royalty to the common person in any city or village, and as we move into the twenties century, theater was still a huge part of the entertainment for the masses. At the galvanise of the 20th Century, the States was in full notoriety of its cultural adolescence, bursting with energy. London was still the mental representation cent er of the humanness, but modernistic York was gaining its own form of ordinariness and acknowledgement. By 1900 closely of the signs on Broadway had gone electric, and red-hot York Citys famous theater territory soon became know as The Great W finish offe Way. It was known as the Mecca of the American theatrical world the rest of the country was referred to by people in manoeuver business as the road. In 1904, the city opened its first underground subway system, and thanks to this system, tens of thousands living further close from the theatre district could perk up a Broadway show and still be home the same evening. With this increase of commuters and the ever developing enumerate of tourist to New York, Broadway theatres audiences more than tripled in less that one year. Thus the productions had longer reckoningning multiplication than ever before.At this conviction the majority of Broadway shows came from London, with English actors, producers, and directors. Then i n 1903, Frank L. Baums childrens clean The Wizard of Oz was the first-ever all American musical to be performed on Broadway. The story of Dorothy and her pet moo-cow Imogene (the cow was easier to see from the balcony than a small dog named Toto) overlyk audiences to a magical land call Oz. The production include lavish costumes and fantastic fantasy sets and a state-of-the-art cyclone. This production had several(prenominal) cause telephone calls but ascrib satisfactory to the fantastic MGMs 1939 film, these songs faded from the general publics memory.After a very long run on Broadway, The Wizard of Oz enjoyed a long running national tour, and thanks to the ameliorations of the railway system, the show was able to take a full scale Broadway production set and costumes on the road. By 1904 it is believed that over cd unlike shows where touring the United States with full Broadway production values. The only snag in some of these performances is having theaters in different cities that are able to hold such a production. With this need, the boom of grand theaters around the country began. many a(prenominal) of these theatres are still in operation today.As the theatre business was booming, the need for new shows was increasing the opportunity for new playwrights were wide open. People like George M. Cohan, Victor Herbert, and Florenz Ziegfeld stepped up to the call. George M. Cohan was a writer, director, choreographer, and producer and stared in several of his own shows. He was famous for his jingoistic musical comedies that celebrated the triumph of the American know-how and New York drift street smarts. Though most of his productions had short runs on Broadway, the musicals that toured the United States were met by packed houses several years.His most memorable hit was Little Johnny Jones, where Cohan played an American jockey who loses the English Derby, clears himself of false charges that he threw the race, and wins the girl he loves. The son gs Yankee Doodle Dandy and Give My Regards to Broadway from this show made Cohan a across the country household name. Cohns pro-American shows had little appeal outside the United States and are perhaps too simp reheelic to be revived in their original version, but his songs are still familiar today, including the wartime hit Over There. Cohn is most famous for his curtain call speeches where he always ended with the statement My start out thanks you, my father thanks you, my sister thanks you, and I assure you, I thank you. unmatchable of Broadways most respected composers at the start of the 20th Century was Victory Herbert, a classically trained musician who turned out musicals that were considered much more sophisticated than Cohans but every bit as familiar. Though trained in Europe, his scores had a distinctly American sound.He was the first American songwriter to productively insist that no changes be made to his scores without his permission. His musicals involved simp le American goodness triumphing over Old World ways. He is known for his musical Babes in Toyland that is best remembered for its championship song March of the Toys. Trying to copy the success of The Wizard of Oz, Heberts fantasy had a far better score and continued to be revived until the mid 1940s. Naughty Marietta was a production about a French noblewoman who leaves her husband for an American Solder and moves to New Orleans.The score included the hit song Ah, Sweet Mystery of Life and was designed for operatic voices. It is one of the few Herbert musicals still performed today. When it comes to show s purloinpers on Broadway, Florenz Ziegfeld was known as the Ultimate Broadway Showman. Boasting his own theatre, Ziegfeld showcased glamorous Parisian reviews that used skits and song to spook the social and political follies of the day. Thus the Ziegfeld Follies were born. The productions included over the top sets, extravagant costumes and The Ziegfeld Girls, a choir of attra ctive females.Out of consideration for the sensibilities of theatergoers, the tone of his productions was sexy but never trashy. Ziegfeld considered thirteen his lucky number and and so gave his revue the thirteen letter name Follies of the Day taken from the title of a popular newspaper publisher column penned by librettist Harry B. Smith, who Ziegfeld hired to write the libretto. By 1900, there were currently thirty-three genuine Broadway theatres, and many more would be built over the next couple of decades to meet the demand of the growing audiences.The productions included those of drama, comedy and musicals, but legitimate theatre was not the only theatrical entertainment of this time. During this time a large group of entertainers travels from one small theater to the next, entertaining thousands with their simple song and dancing, mini-comical skits, and different acts of entertainment. These people were known as Vaudevillians and their theatre circuit was known as Vaude ville. Vaudeville was a theatrical paradigm in the United States and Canada from the early 1880s until the early 1930s.Each performance consisted of separate, unrelated acts grouped in c formerlyrt on a common bill. Types of acts included popular and classical musicians, dancers, comedians, trained animals, magicians, female and male impersonators, acrobats, illustrated songs, jugglers, one-act plays or scenes from plays, athletes, lecturing celebrities, minstrels, and movies. Vaudeville developed from many sources, including the concert saloon, minstrelsy, freak shows, dime museums, and literary burlesque. Called the heart of American show business, vaudeville was one of the most popular types of ntertainment in North America for several decades until the start of the movie age. Vaudeville original started in the mid 1850s but thanks to the increase of number of theaters and improvement of transportation via railway, the popularity grew in the late 19th century into the early 20th century. Vaudeville opened the portal of entertainment to thousands who had some form of special act. It was also one of the few avenues that opened for African-American mobility in a white world. African-American musicians achieved financial success while carving their niche for future artist.One of the most famous African-American acts was that of Bert Williams and George Walker, a ragtime song and dance team that toured the Vaudeville theaters with Williams playing a well-dressed conniver and Walker as a limbering stooge. Harry Houdini, the famous escape artist was a very popular entertainer in the early 1900s. After a tour in Europe he came back to America with thunderous applause and recognition. Houdini was able to perform his difficult feats by remaining in excellent material and mental condition. He pushed himself relentlessly.To develop his capacity for holding his breath, Houdini installed an oversize bathtub in his house so that he could practice regularly. Through exte nsive training, he was able use his left hand tight as well as his right. While casually chatting with friends, he would perform card and coin tricks without aspect at his hands, or tie and untie knots in pieces of rope with his feet. Determined to stay on top of the entertainment field, Houdini refined techniques he had already mastered and continually developed new and more hardy escapes.Though known to be friendly and warm, Houdini had a large ego, could be touchy and petty at times, and frequently displayed a volatile tempter to his assistants. One of the most fascinating acts that I found in my research was that of Evelyn Nesbit. In 1893 Nesbit started her career as an artist model in Pittsburg, PA. In 1901 Nesbit, age 16, with her mother moved to New Your City were Nesbit modeling career grew to such a point that she was one of the highest paid artist and picture taking models in New York.At the time she was being paid $5 for half a day and $10 for a full day of work. Dur ing this time Nesbit was also performing as a chorus girl on Broadway. Nesbits real story stated when her husband, Harry unfreeze shot her lover, Stanley White on the night of June 26, 1906. Thaw knew that Nesbit has been seeing White for years even before their marriage. On the night of the 25th, at the production of Mamzelle Champagne at the dining theater on the roof of Madison Square Gardens, Thaw saw White sitting several seats away from him and Nesbit.He calmly got out of his seat, walked over to White, pulled out a revolver and shot White three times in the face. The incident became known and The evil of The Century. Thaw was tried and committee to life on an insanity plea. Thaws mother offered Nesbit a huge some of money if she would divorce her son before the conclusion of the trial. Nesbit did but never accepted any of the money but Nesbits popularity soared, and from this she created an acts known as The Girl on the Velvet deletion where all she did was sit on a sing in the middle of the stage and tell her tragical story.Nesbits act lasted for a few years, but as most stories, once youve heard it once or twice, interests started going astray. She eventually tried her hand at movies with little success. In 1926 she gave an interview to the New York Times about her dramatic life story which she eventually published as a memoir. The list of famous Vaudeville acts is endless, and many of these actors and entertainers took their talents west to Hollywood to become movie starts. One of these most successful stories of this is that act of Abbott and Costello.Starting in the early 1920s, the act of Lou Abbott and Bud Costello was known for the quick one liners and fast repartee. just about famous for their Whos on First routine, Abbott and Costellos acts moved from stage to radio to movies, becoming one of the most famous dues in American entertainment. As we look back at theatre in the early 1900s we see the birth of a new age, one of theatre produc tions written, produced and directed by Americans, with American themes. Theatre changed as the times changed.It gave to the people what the people wanted and what they needed. From the large Broadway productions to the simple song and dance routines of Vaudeville, theatre was one of the main source of entertainment allowing people to escape from their everyday world into a world of song, laughter and enjoyment. From the hearts of the actors and entertainers to the hearts of the theatergoer, life on a stage is one of lawful imagination and continues to allow us to go to that place where our true selves can wander, wonder and enjoy.

Introduction of Information Technology Related to Hotel and Restaurant Management

Chapter II Review of Related Literature Students look forward to the opportunity to choose their academic plans and classes. According to the deepen cognitive engagement theory, allowing students to choose which classes they enroll in increases motivation and independence which in turn increases a students cognitive processing and performance, however, the task of course selection is very complex with multiple considerations, most of which lap with one another.Students ar influenced by the different academic portions of the class such as the value of the content, the structure, and the workload. They in like manner get under ones skin to decide what is important to them with regards to their interests, personal academic goals, and their schedule. But students do not make these decisions unaccompanied because they do occasionally seek advice from their family, faculty, and/or friends. not all of the different considerations of a course be as important as others, but it is impo rtant to know what students want from their classes, what they expect of themselves, and who they will hark to.Educators and schools pauperisation to know this information especially those of elective courses so they can meet the needs of students and have them continue to enroll in their class. More importantly though, if teachers can adapt their classes to better meet the needs of students the students will be more engaged which will increase their comprehension and excitement for the curriculum, which should be both teachers ultimate goal. The following paper provides further analysis on the most current research establish on influential factors of course enrollment.The first section deals with the academic considerations such as, value and execution, teacher, and workload. The student must also take into consideration their own personal preferences of their interests, capabilities, gender, and their schedule, which is explained through pure tone up the second section. The third component deals with the influential sources a student whitethorn listen to including their family, peers, and the faculty at their school. Finally, the gaps and limitations of the research are discussed along with the need of further research. Reference (http//voices. ahoo. com/the-factors-influence-students-decision-for-8258751. html) Each course is a unique mix of many different ingredients from checkmate matter, to fellow students, to the jobs it leads to. The following points can be used as a checklist of things you need to find out round courses of interest. Think about what you will learn and how youll learn it . Subject matter is the first step to success is museing something you are interest in. Intellectual style, some courses are mainly quantitative (hows your maths? ), others are verbal or language based.some(a) encourage you to have your own ideas, ask the big questions and find out about the world. Work patterns, courses vary in the time students spend in lec tures, tutorials, studios and lab classes and completing self-directed study. Some courses also have an industry-based learning component. If it is tough to study and pass. Some fields of study are notoriously tough, with high failure and drop-out rates. How long they take, VET certificates generally take a year or less(prenominal) of full-time study, diplomas and advanced diplomas around two years and bachelor degrees three or four years.Double degrees, honours courses and parttime programs will take longer. How much choice they allow, some courses require all students to complete the same pump subjects, while others allow you to choose a lot of electives. International study opportunities, optional summer study tours or study abroad and exchange programs may offer credit towards some courses. How you can study, courses may be offered full time, part time, by distance education or on an accelerated trimester schedule. Not all courses offer all options.Quality, regardless of their subject matter, courses should be well run by experienced staff and (if applicable) meet industry standards.Reference(http//gooduniguide. com. au/School-Leavers/Choosing/How-to-choose-a-course) Choosing the course that you are going to study for the next 3 or 4 years can be difficult. Course content will vary between institutions and it is important to check that the courses you are applying for cover the topics you are most interested in. Reference(http//www2. warwick. c. uk/study/undergraduate/apply/choosing/) The number of courses you take each semester will be one of the most important factors affect your success at school. Its easy to get caught up in the excitement of choosing courses at the beginning of semester when youre rested and ready for a challenge. But you need to flash forward to mid-term when the day-to-day reality of classes, assignments, reading, essays and exams will be all too real. Reference (http//www. cmha. ca/youreducation/courses. html)

Memorandum of Agreement

MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT This Memorandum of Agreement (herein referred to as Agreement) is do and entered into the City of Cabanatuan, Philippines by and between body politic strand of the Philippines flat coat camber of the Philippines with constituent address at 3/F Land entrust Building, Gabaldon St. , Cabanatuan City, Represented by its incision Manager II, Nueva Ecija Lending Center, Mr. Eduardo N. Reyes, junior , herein after referred to as Land Bank of the Philippines. -and- Methodist UNIVERSITY PHILIPPINES WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY PHILIPPINES, Mabini Extension, Cabanatuan City, represented by Dean, College of moving in and Accountancy, DR.MARIA VICTORIA M. ALVAREZ herein after referred to as WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY PHILIPPINES. WHEREAS, Land Bank of the Philippines in its concern to put forward the preparation and development of more and better professionals, has teamed up with WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY PHILIPPINES for an On-The-Job Training course (Program) to provide train ing and support to the students of WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY PHILIPPINES, College of stock and Accountancy on the current trends and latest developments in the industry, and, to expose them to actual industry situations, thereby enhancing their formal schooling.NOW, therefore, for and in consideration of the foregoing premises, Land Bank of the Philippines and WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY PHILIPPINES hereby agree on and stipulate the chase MR. EDUARDO N. REYES, JR. DM II Department Manager/Head, NELC A. Land Bank of the Philippines sh any 1. Undertake the selection process of the recommended students in adherence to Land Bank of the Philippines policies and guidelines in the section for its purpose 2.Provide the venue3 and assign personnel to take charge as well as supervise on-the-job training of students 3. Provide WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY PHILIPPINES students information, training, and support 4. Provide students exposure to actual office environment 5. Accomplish the evaluation forms required by WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY PHILIPPINES in connection with to the on-the-job training of their students 6. Issue certificate of completion to students who successfully finished their training down the stairs this program and 7.Designate an employee who leave order with WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY PHILIPPINES the various activities under this program. DR. MARIA VICTORIA M. ALVAREZ Dean, College of Business and Accountancy B. WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY PHILIPPINES sh any 1. Recommend students who will undergo on-the-job training under this program for final selection,/acceptance by Land Bank of the Philippines 2. Designate a Representative who will coordinate with Land Bank of the Philippines on the various activities under this program and 3.Together with the students, faculty and parents concerned renounce and waive whatever claim against Land Bank of the Philippines for any injury or loss that the trainees may suffer, personal or pecuniary, in the performance of their duties and functions whi le under the training not attributable to the negligence or willful act of any of the personnel of Land Bank of the Philippines. The waivers of the concerned parties sh all told be submitted to Land Bank of the Philippines prior to the commencement of the training, which forms part of this agreement.C. Under this program, the following terms and conditions are likewise included 1. It is expressly mute that there will be no employer-employee relationship between Land Bank of the Philippines and the trainees of WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY PHILIPPINES 2. The trainees will be personally for any and all liabilities for damage to property or injury to third persons, which may be occasioned by their international or negligent acts while in the course of their training 3. WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY PHILIPPINES shall see to it that the trainees complete the agreed area of work within the agreed length of the program 4. It is expressly understood by WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY PHILIPPINES, and the trainees tha t all the information on technology, manufacturing process, process standards, quality assurance methodologies, quality standards, production capabilities, raw material processing, finance, and all other related documents, manuals, and operational or technical matters that Land Bank of the Philippines shall make available to them shall be used solely for this program.All of these matters are classified as confidential in nature and proprietary to Land Bank of the Philippines. WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY PHILIPPINES and trainees hereby undertake to prevent disclosure or transfer of such information, consciously or unconsciously, to any party outside of institution without the knowledge and written consent of institution. 5. It is expressly understood that Land Bank of the Philippines will only accept OJTs on a case-to-case basis according to vacancy.D. judicial proceeding AND OTHER EXPENSES In case of breach of any confidential information obtained during the training period coition to th e task assigned by Land Bank of the Philippines, WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY PHILIPPINES agrees to pay an additional sum uniform of twenty five percent (25%) for Attorneys Fees, plus costs and other fees and incidental expenses of litigation excluding possible monetary damages that may be incurred by reason thereof. E. DURATIONThis agreement shall hold for the duration of the 20122013 School Year of WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY PHILIPPINES, and is automatically renewable every year, provided that Land Bank of the Philippines and WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY PHILIPPINES taciturnity their respective rights to withdraw their participation in the agreement upon written notice. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto experience signed these presents on this ____ day of 2013, in Cabanatuan City, Philippines. FOR Land Bank of the PhilippinesMR. EDUARDO N. REYES, JR.DM II Department Manager/Head, NELC WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY PHILIPPINESDR. MARIA VICTORIA M. ALVAREZDean, College of Business and Accountancy SIGNED IN THE PRESENCE OF _________________________________ _________________________________ Republic of the Philippines) City of Cabanatuan) S. S. A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T On this ___________ day of 2013, personally appeared before me, a notary Public in and for the City of Cabanatuan, the following persons NAMEVALID I. D. DATE/PALCE Mr. Eduardo N. Reyes, Jr. Dr. Maria Victoria M. AlvarezSSS ID ll known to me to be the same persons who executed the foregoing document, consisting of three (3) pages including this page and acknowledgement that the same is an act of their free and automatic will and deed. IN WITNESS THEREOF, I hereunto sign this document and affix my seal of office on this date and place aforementioned. MR. EDUARDO N. REYES, JR. DM II Department Manager/Head, NELC DR. MARIA VICTORIA M. ALVAREZ Dean, College of Business and Accountancy Doc. No. __________ Page No. __________ Book No. __________ Series of 2010

Classroom Observation Analysis

Many instructional approaches exist that swallow been break downed to get by and through with(predicate) more students. instructors pass water to select the instructional approaches that work best for students. These approaches perplex been tested and researched from various sibylline perspectives. An gentility theory is the speculative thought of fosterage and just homogeneous any separate theory it explains, guides, and describes the practices of education. The earliest speculation on educational processes began during the times of classical sophists and Greek philosophers.Current education speculations spend terms like andragogy, curriculum, attainment pedagogy, education organization, leadership, and policy. Education thought is derived from various disciplines like, philosophy, sociology, critical theory, psychology, and history among former(a)s. This penning depart discuss five topics based on the best education theory to be apply in the schoolroom riding horse with focus on two education theories postulated by Lev Vygotsky and John Dewey.This study leave alone also address statement processing by students, doingss of teachers to upgrade mentation, implications of language instruction on eruditeness and training, and on the relationship between the stirred up and kind articulatement on student appearance and carry. Classroom Observation Analysis Education theory can every be descriptive like in the sciences or normative like in philosophy. Education theory postulates what education processes are supposed to consist of it sets the standards, norms, and goals in carrying out an education process.The scientific education theory gives a set of hypotheses, which feed to be experimented and verified. The two approaches develop produced two broad categories of education theories, which are the functionalists theory of education arising from the sociolegitimate perspective of education and the behaviorist theory of educatio n from the psychology of education. The term theory in education refers to three broad categories known as the explanatory or generalizing model, practice observance, and a t hotfootk of knowledge. Various educational resources exist that a teacher should employ in a schoolroom aspect to call forth cultivation among students.Also, human resources affect the culture process of students, which is the behavior of both the students and teachers. Teachers play a major role in improving the regarding ability of students. otherwise factors exist that affect the skill process of students in the individual, neighborly, emotional development, and language development. Educational theory performance in a classroom setting Educational theories employed Lev Vygotsky and John Dewey postulated educational theories that explain how the human thought affect the expiry in education.On human thought, Deweys ideas were instru noeticism based in educational ideas. Vygotsky ideas on educati on, on the other hand, were based upon the Marxist social ideas. The instrumentalism ideas of Dewey deal with the focus of thoughts and ideas as action instruments this caused the theorist to believe that the education system needs to incorporate vocational studies. Therefore, schools match to Dewey should incorporate both academic and vocational studies. Students have to involve themselves in activities that bring up cooperation and creativity.Dewey believed that teaching individuals new-fangled knowledge through memorization and repeat was ineffective. Through his pieces and research, he advocates for thought and does non support strict topics as ways of teaching individuals. Teaching students on one content only is a waste of time, according to the theorist. Dewey support teachers to be practical and germinal in their educational approaches to extend students with a wide range of opportunities and to promote individual thought. Marxists social ideas on education were fi rst base applied by Vygotsky.He believed that by reading the social situation, a person is capable of learning more. The Zone of Proximal development is the theory postulated by Vygotsky, which explains that a difference exist between a student is taught by an advanced couple, a teacher, and when a student studies alone. With this theory Vygotsky believed that social processes should be incorporated into the education system. Such social processes include peer review, assembly work activities, and individual contact between student and teacher.Unlike Dewey and his ideas, Vygotsky does non support teachers elitism, he favors the teaching of thinking kills to students and not just teaching a lesson based on a particular topic (Indiana University, 2004). The most effective educational theory to enhance instruction and learning From the two educational theorists, individuals can examine that they had two different thoughts on what education should be, which are not in agreement to e ach other. However, both Vygotsky and Dewey ideas should be applied in the classroom setting in unison because both their ideas are focused on a classroom environment that emphasises ways of thinking and student achievement to learn facts.The use of both ideas in a classroom stetting enables a learning situation guided by a teacher who guides students through direction with ordained reinforcement and is not a strict figure of authority. Both the ideas of Vygotsky and Dewey require teachers to be dedicated and committed to individual student needs and abilities and not to the ideals and expectations regarding normal or advanced student knowledge of society. Also, using the ideas and theories presented in the classroom setting is beneficial because they encourage students to interact socially and work in teams to promote effective learning in the classroom.According to both theorists interaction is seen as a learning tool, which has been emphasized by Vygotsky, nevertheless still ap plicable in Dewey ideas. A classroom environment that is more conducive to learning has been sensed as a classroom that employs both Vygotsky and Deweys ideas. Their contri exactlyions were significant to learning, but a combination of their differing ideas has be to successfully impact the education system. Incorporating social learning ideas and theories with creative lessons plans is vital to the current world of education.Vygostsky ideas and application in the classroom setting Just like Jean Piaget, Vygotsky agrees that education takes place through constructivism, which is the dogma of cognitive development (Davison, 2006, p. 1), but they differ on the ideas regarding how the cognitive development process occurs. Cognitive development is the process through the building up or addition of education to saucily learned development on already learned discipline. Piaget is seen as a trivial constructivist who believed that human beings are social learners who learn through in teraction with the environment.Individuals can generate new knowledge and grounds about the environment they have been exposed to. Vygotsky, on the other hand, is considered a social constructivist that believes people learn through interaction with other people (Dougiamas, 1998, p. 4). Vygotskys ideas are applicable in a classroom setting because through group work and peer reviews students are exposed to what they are taught by others. He disagrees with Piagets theory and verbalize that learning comes before development and not the vise versa according to Piagets claim.Vygotsky believes students learn from symbolism, socialization, and history (Davison, 2006, p. 1). The information and actions that children are exposed to by other individuals greatly affects their learning process, and through the interaction with people of fair to middling intelligence and education will enable students to comprehend and retain information taught more productively (Slavin, 2009, p. 43). The pe rsuade of other individuals is vital before a student reaches the point of self-regulation. Self-regulation occurs when an individual can solve problems and think critically without helps from others.By applying this theory in the classroom, a teacher can identify ways to run a classroom with increased efficiency and production. Through the ideas of Vygotsky, the teacher will achieve integration through a diverse student base at different intellectual levels this will enable students who have learning disabilities or slow learners to be encouraged and tutored by the more advanced students. The teacher will also encourage students to work in group projects so students can come up with answers aft(prenominal) solving problems as a team.Such approaches have been praised and beneficial when teaching English and Social Studies. Deweys ideas in the classroom setting According to Dewey, learning institutions should be democratic, meaning students can freely mete out their differing ideas . The classroom setting should focus on subjects that contain practical knowledge in relation to real-life of students. The incorporation of field activities into the classroom learning process enables students to expand their knowledge, boost their critical thinking, and understand their world.Cooperative learning, according to Sharan and Sharan (1992), include Deweys learning process as equal aspects of intellectual, emotional, and social events. Dewey argues that a classroom setting should give learners the experience to deal with situations that will arise in their lives to create a democratic society. The co-op learning will act as a motivator for students and provides them with a sense of personal tariff toward their academics. Information processing to student learning Students learn in different ways based on their life experiences, stages of development, and culture.These factors determine how students process information. Based on the different characteristics of studen ts, teachers have a responsibility to develop lessons plans that fit the needs of each student. To provide a positive teaching and learning environment, teachers should know learning is affected by aspects such as culture, emotions, and individual thought. Some students process information based on their metal states or moods and teachers have a responsibility to create supportive and positive tactics to enhance the learning process of every individual student.A teacher also has to develop a teaching plan to fit those children suffering from various Learning Disabilities who experience challenges in see and information processing. Students with learning disabilities have been known to interpret information differently and decode social information in a different manner. Some learning disabilities negatively affect the ability of students to interpret social cues and have limited solutions to the social dilemmas they face. They also face the challenge of generating solutions to simp le mathematical problems.Theory of information processing, The human sagacity functions through the creation of mental representations and creating cognitive processes them. Cognition is the ability to have mental representation and reposition of objects, people, and learned knowledge through life experiences and academics. In learning, information received through listening and hearing involves various processes that take place in the brain. The incoming information leads to the formation of a series of mental representations.The important ideas are selected and stored in the brain for referencing in the future. According to Millers theory of information processing, reinforcement is a crucial act in enhancing the remembrance of short-term memory. The repetition of a recently read idea will force the brain to process the information through encoding strategies and to later be stored as long-term memory. Reinforcement can be done in the classroom setting through elaboration of an d repetition of previous and newly learned information.A teacher can also tell students to do maintenance rehearsals through practices and drilling to help the reinforcement of new information. Such practical strategies can be through songs and repetition poems. Also, to encourage students rehearsal, a student can use a variety of interactive computer activities. By repeating the newly learned skills the students will be able to encode the information into long-term memory. The environment and learning Psychologists have studies how human beings are affected by the environments that they have been brought up in.The environment consists of individuals within the family unit and orthogonal influences in society. The classroom environment also affects how adolescent students learn and process information. Classroom environments should have no distractions. Factors such as the attitudes of teachers, lack of administrative support, lack of parental support, and a classroom environment t hat does not support learning leads to misfortunate academic performance among adolescents. The teachers and parents should on that pointfore work hard to provide adolescents with a natural and positive environment for learning.York-Barr, Schultz, Doyle, Kronberg, and Crossett (1996) suggest the use of inclusion strategies in a classroom to enhance a desirable environment for learning to students, especially those from diverse backgrounds. Educators according to inclusion practices should focus on quality education and are to be guided by unique dispositions. Educators are responsible for evaluating teaching practices and initiating positive changes. A teachers attitude should be positive and they should have the skills and ability to provide emotional, social, and academic support to students.Students with disabilities should be provided with supporting facilities and good equipment they need in the classroom to ensure proper education. Consultation is also one of the classroom strategies that educators can use to intervene to the process of students within the class, and it is applicable to solving problems facing the whole school. A proper classroom environment that would boost students attention and memory includes teaching materials, equipment, and technological tools for teaching.Students can remember the things they have learned when various learning strategies are employed. Other strategies to help students memory and attention is enabling them to self-assess their performance, targeting particular solution, implementing technologies for education, and record keeping of student performance. Providing the right educational environment is therefore the best way of enhancing students memory and attention than the social setting. Teacher behaviors that promote students thinking abilities Teachers should practices skills that provide for the individual needs of students.These needs range from emotional, social, and educational needs (Wehby, Symons, Canal e, & Go 1998). A teacher practicing collaborative model such as the Educational Review Team will lead to positive outcome to students. To facilitate students comprehension and reasoning, the teachers use strategies that enable them to design good lesson plans, which first starts with the introduction of the topic, presentation of the content in a clear way, checking whether students have understood the information, periodic review, separatist practices, and guided practices among others.The teacher should also employ strategies that would improve the motivation of students to learn, the teacher should keep in mind the inertest of students and use a variety of teaching strategies to avoid students being bored. To enhance comprehension and reasoning the teacher has to communicate high expectations, give prompt and constructive feedback, and treat each student as an individual. To promote the thinking skills of students teachers should certain framework, which would enable students to think critically and to develop skills, which will apply them regulate personal learning and acquire problem-solving skills.Certain activities that a teacher can practice either intentionally or unintentionally can impede students from reasoning or comprehensions. Such aspects include teaching at a fast pace and not bothering to check whether the students have understood the concepts or not. other aspect is using a teaching strategy that is not inclusive to all the needs of students. A teacher who does not consider strategies that deal with inhibition, planning, fluency, set shifting, working memory, and self-regulations leads to poor attention span among students.In order to enable students attain academic goals, the educator has to consider the action and thoughts of students. Teachers should acknowledge that certain students could be faced by challenges of working on their own and cannot complete certain tasks. The teacher has to implement behavior modification plans (Harris e t al, 2005) to help students with attention problems. Another strategy is to limit distraction in the classroom environment, which is a strategy that should be carried out before the beginning of each lesson.Comprehension and reasoning can be enhanced by the teacher by telling students to scan through the headlines of the topic under discussion. talking to development Language learning is a vital aspect in the learning process. Language learning enables students to read and write. Reading is as result of comprehension and decoding of information. For students to internalize various academies subjects, the elementary activity is to first teach on language comprehension. Delayed speech development affects the learning process of a student.This delay occurs in two ways it can either be receptive or expressive. The expressive form gives a child difficulty in the use of vocabulary, poor grammar, poor writing skills, and poor conversational skills. Expressive delay can be seen in student s who are shy or hesitates to speak. undefended delay, on the other hand, affects a students ability to comprehend what the student has read, following directions, and understanding speech. The student may also find it difficult to understand visual and sequencing relations.The relationship of social and emotional development to student learning and behavior A student suffering from emotional and behavioral problems leads to intervention of the learning process. Such changes lead to poor communication, poor social relationships, and difficulty expressing thoughts and feelings. This affects students social intelligence and competence development. Competence development is related to emotional intelligence, which hinders the person from making accurate and logical decisions and in the developments of problem-solving skills.Classroom Analysis During my classroom observation I was able to view theories that were employed by both Vygotsky and Dewey as described above. The teacher was a ble to interact with student as a whiz but also as a figure of authority. The teacher was able to instruct using repetition of previous instructed material while introducing new thought and feelings. I felt the instructor lacked behaviorism because there were no clear cut rules and regulations and the instructor mainly focused on the educational aspects of learning.The teacher was creative when giving lesson plans, and it was obvious the teacher put a large amount of time preparing for lessons. I ascertained the teacher calling upon students to answer questions regarding the topic presented to ensure the student was paying attention and learning the material. I did notice several students not paying attention and the teacher did not seem to notice but this was understandable considering the high student to teacher ratio. The teacher was also able to use differing vocal tones to emphasize important material content that I assume would be on an upcoming exam.Referencehttp//dougiamas. com/writing/constructivism.htmlfaces